Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

2018/06/26 by Panos Zanos, Ruin Moaddel, Patrick J. Morris +9 · 1,286 citations
Chemistry · Medicine · Neuroscience · #Analgesic #Anesthesia #Anesthetic #Antidepressant #Chemistry #Dissociative #Drug #Internal medicine #Ketamine #Medicine #NMDA receptor #Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research #Pharmacology #Phencyclidine #Psychotomimetic #Receptor #Treatment of Major Depression #Tryptophan and brain disorders

paper · pdf · doi:10.1124/pr.117.015198

published in Pharmacological Reviews 70(3), 621-660 (American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics)

openalex publication_date 2018/06/26 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06

Citations

• Alterations in Cortical Network Oscillations and Parvalbumin Neurons in Schizophrenia
• Oral Ketamine and Transdermal Nitroglycerin as Analgesic Adjuvants to Oral Morphine Therapy for Cancer Pain Management
• A Randomized Add-on Trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate Antagonist in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression
• A Randomized Trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate Antagonist in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression
• Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience
• Acute and Longer-Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report
• Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: evidence for a role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
• Placebo‐controlled pilot trial testing dose titration and intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for ketamine in depression

Cited by

• Molecular pathways of ketamine: A systematic review of immediate and sustained effects on PTSD
• Ketamine: Mechanisms and Relevance to Treatment of Depression
• Adenosine as the metabolic common path of rapid antidepressant action: The coffee paradox
• Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models
• Antidepressant drugs act by directly binding to TRKB neurotrophin receptors
• Ketamine and metabolites in snake venom: effects of venom extraction and potential impact on animal models
• Hallucinogen use in the United States, 2021–2023: Diverging trends and subgroup patterns
• NMDA receptors regulate the firing rate set point of hippocampal circuits without altering single-cell dynamics
• Retrospective Chart Review Evaluating Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine Continuous Infusion for Cancer-Related Pain
• A Narrative Review: The Role that Ketamine May Play in the Treatment of Depression and the Underlying Mechanisms of Its Effect
• A single psychotomimetic dose of ketamine decreases thalamocortical spindles and delta oscillations in the sedated rat
• Asymmetric organocatalysis: an enabling technology for medicinal chemistry
• Mechanistic intersections between migraine and major depressive disorder
• Web Indexing with Meta Fields: A Survey of Web Objects in Polymer Chemistry
• Ketamine for mental health - A naturalistic inventory of prescribing practices, safety, and adverse effects
• Insights for the Next Generation of Ketamine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder
• Predicting outcome with Intranasal Esketamine treatment: A machine-learning, three-month study in Treatment-Resistant Depression (ESK-LEARNING)
• Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation
• What urologists need to know about ketamine‐induced uropathy: A systematic review
• Rapid‐acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective
• Ketamine potentiates TRPV1 receptor signaling in the peripheral nociceptive pathways
• Ketamine analogues: Comparative toxicokinetic in vitro–in vivo extrapolation and quantification of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine in forensic blood and hair samples
• Emergence of new psychoactive substance 2-fluorodeschloroketamine: Toxicology and urinary analysis in a cluster of patients exposed to ketamine and multiple analogues
• Development and Validation of a Rapid LC–MS/MS Method for Plasma Analysis of Ketamine, Norketamine, Dehydronorketamine, and Hydroxynorketamine
• Ketamine [wikipedia]
• Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants. [europepmc]
• Glutamatergic Neurotransmission: Pathway to Developing Novel Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Treatments. [europepmc]
• Antidepressant-relevant concentrations of the ketamine metabolite (2 R ,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine do not block NMDA receptor function. [europepmc]
• ( 2R,6R )-hydroxynorketamine exerts mGlu 2 receptor-dependent antidepressant actions. [europepmc]
• Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective. [europepmc]
• Ketamine and depression: a narrative review. [europepmc]
• Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine enantiomers and its metabolites. [europepmc]
• Opioid system is necessary but not sufficient for antidepressive actions of ketamine in rodents. [europepmc]
• Essential role of microglial transforming growth factor-β1 in antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine and the novel antidepressant TGF-β1. [europepmc]
• Efficacy of single and repeated administration of ketamine in unipolar and bipolar depression: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. [europepmc]
• Comparative efficacy of racemic ketamine and esketamine for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [europepmc]
• Ketamine: A tale of two enantiomers. [europepmc]
• The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects. [europepmc]
• A Dendrite-Focused Framework for Understanding the Actions of Ketamine and Psychedelics. [europepmc]
• Antidepressant drugs act by directly binding to TRKB neurotrophin receptors. [europepmc]
• Ketamine-50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms. [europepmc]
• Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation. [europepmc]
• Pharmacological and behavioral divergence of ketamine enantiomers: implications for abuse liability. [europepmc]
• Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of arketamine: beyond the NMDA receptor. [europepmc]
• Microglial ERK-NRBP1-CREB-BDNF signaling in sustained antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine. [europepmc]
• Mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites as antidepressants. [europepmc]
• S-ketamine as an adjuvant in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for preventing postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial. [europepmc]
• Ketamine treatment for depression: a review. [europepmc]
• Experimenters' sex modulates mouse behaviors and neural responses to ketamine via corticotropin releasing factor. [europepmc]
• NMDA Receptor Activation-Dependent Antidepressant-Relevant Behavioral and Synaptic Actions of Ketamine. [europepmc]