Theory for Off-Specular Reflection From Roughened Surfaces*

1967/09/01 by K. E. Torrance, E. M. Sparrow · 22 citations
Engineering · Physics and Astronomy · #Calibration and Measurement Techniques #Color Science and Applications #Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry

paper · doi:10.1364/josa.57.001105

Abstract

The directional distribution of radiant flux reflected from roughened surfaces is analyzed on the basis of geometrical optics. The analytical model assumes that the surface consists of small, randomly disposed, mirror-like facets. Specular reflection from these facets plus a diffuse component due to multiple reflections and/or internal scattering are postulated as the basic mechanisms of the reflection process. The effects of shadowing and masking of facets by adjacent facets are included in the analysis. The angular distributions of reflected flux predicted by the analysis are in very good agreement with experiment for both metallic and nonmetallic surfaces. Moreover, the analysis successfully predicts the off-specular maxima in the reflection distribution which are observed experimentally and which emerge as the incidence angle increases. The model thus affords a rational explanation for the off-specular peak phenomenon in terms of mutual masking and shadowing of mirror-like, specularly reflecting surface facets.

Cited by

• The Racial Character of Computer Graphics Research
• Face Shape and Reflectance Acquisition using a Multispectral Light Stage
• Modeling Infrared Signal Reflections to Characterize Indoor Multipath Propagation. [europepmc]
• Motion of glossy objects does not promote separation of lighting and surface colour. [europepmc]
• The Role of Rayleigh-Wood Anomalies and Surface Plasmons in Optical Enhancement for Nano-Gratings. [europepmc]
• Characterization of Multipath Effects in Indoor Positioning Systems by AoA and PoA Based on Optical Signals. [europepmc]
• Surface Roughness Effects on the Broadband Reflection for Refractory Metals and Polar Dielectrics. [europepmc]
• A Hyperspectral Bidirectional Reflectance Model for Land Surface. [europepmc]
• Deep Photometric Stereo Network with Multi-Scale Feature Aggregation. [europepmc]
• Depolarization Characteristics of Different Reflective Interfaces Indicated by Indices of Polarimetric Purity (IPPs). [europepmc]
• Spatial Scale Effect of a Typical Polarized Remote Sensor on Detecting Ground Objects. [europepmc]
• DRM-Based Colour Photometric Stereo Using Diffuse-Specular Separation for Non-Lambertian Surfaces. [europepmc]
• Fading and showing mechanisms of ancient color relics based on light scattering induced by particles. [europepmc]
• Photometric-Stereo-Based Defect Detection System for Metal Parts. [europepmc]
• Progressive Observation of Covid-19 Vaccination Effects on Skin-Cellular Structures by Use of Intelligent Laser Speckle Classification (ILSC) Technique. [europepmc]
• Improvement of coated aluminum sheet pBRDF model based on scattering and phase function optimization. [europepmc]
• Polarization structured light 3D depth image sensor for scenes with reflective surfaces. [europepmc]
• Relationship between reflectance and degree of polarization in the VNIR-SWIR: A case study on art paintings with polarimetric reflectance imaging spectroscopy. [europepmc]
• Research on the Laser Scattering Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Imaging Based on Electro-Optical Crystal Modulation. [europepmc]
• Engineering flexible superblack materials. [europepmc]
• Incorporating Spectral and Directional Leaf Reflectance into Virtual Plant Models via Phong Shader Parameter Fitting. [europepmc]
• Identification of heat-treated lithic artifacts via quantitative surface gloss characterization. [europepmc]

Related

• Relation Between Surface Roughness and Specular Reflectance at Normal Incidence
• Study of the Interaction of Light with Rough Metal Surfaces. II. Theory
• Wave scattering from rough surfaces for good mirrors
• Separation of diffuse and specular components of surface reflection by use of polarization and statistical analysis of images
• Non-specular Reflective Optics