2025/01/01 by Stuart J. Turnbull‐Dugarte, Alberto López Ortega, Michael Hunklinger · 1 voice · 5 citations
Economics, Econometrics and Finance · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Media Influence and Politics #Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research #Political science #Psychology #Social psychology #Stereotype (UML) #Taxation and Compliance Studies
paper · pdf · doi:10.1017/s0007123424000437
published in British Journal of Political Science 55 (Cambridge University Press)
openalex publication_date 2025/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
Abstract Illiberal actors in Western democracies increasingly exploit the superficial defence of liberal values like gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights to demonize ethnic out-groups, portraying Muslims as inherently opposed to Western values. This paper investigates whether this stereotype reflects widespread public beliefs and asks: is the stereotypical view of the Muslim community as an illiberal ‘bogeyman’ endorsed by citizens? Leveraging an original double-list experiment design that minimizes sensitivity bias, we identify population-level estimates of this stereotype in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and the USA. Our cross-national results reveal a pervasive and ubiquitous stereotype of Muslims as a threat to LGBTQ+ communities across Western democracies. The implications of these findings are concerning as they signal that societal tolerance of ethnic out-groups across liberal democracies remains tainted by prejudicial stereotypes. The results also underscore the alarming electoral potential of far-right parties that exploit homonationalist and femonationalist stereotype-based threat perceptions to their political advantage.