The Neuropsychiatric Inventory
1994/12/01 by J. L. Cummings, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Michael S. Mega +8 · 7,597 citations
Arts and Humanities · Medicine · Psychology · #Aggression #Anxiety #Apathy #Clinical psychology #Cognition #Convergent validity #Dementia #Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research #Disinhibition #Dysphoria #Euphoriant #Internal consistency #Irritability #Medicine #Mental Health and Psychiatry #Psychiatry #Psychology #Psychometrics #Psychopathology
paper · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308
published in Neurology 44(12), 2308 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
openalex publication_date 1994/12/01 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06
Abstract
We developed a new instrument, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), to assess 10 behavioral disturbances occurring in dementia patients: delusions, hallucinations, dysphoria, anxiety, agitation/aggression, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability/lability, apathy, and aberrant motor activity. The NPI uses a screening strategy to minimize administration time, examining and scoring only those behavioral domains with positive responses to screening questions. Both the frequency and the severity of each behavior are determined. Information for the NPI is obtained from a caregiver familiar with the patient's behavior. Studies reported here demonstrate the content and concurrent validity as well as between-rater, test-retest, and internal consistency reliability; the instrument is both valid and reliable. The NPI has the advantages of evaluating a wider range of psychopathology than existing instruments, soliciting information that may distinguish among different etiologies of dementia, differentiating between severity and frequency of behavioral changes, and minimizing administration time.
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