Colloquium: Gravitational Form Factors of the Proton

2023/03/15 by V.D Burkert, L Elouadrhiri, Burkert, V. D. +9 · 15 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #FOS: Physical sciences #High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) #High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat) #High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph) #Nuclear Theory (nucl-th) #Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research #Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics #Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics

paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.08347

openalex publication_date 2023/03/15 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01

Abstract

The physics of the gravitational form factors of the proton, and their understanding within quantum chromodynamics, has advanced significantly in the past two decades through both theory and experiment. This Colloquium provides an overview of this progress, highlights the physical insights unveiled by studies of gravitational form factors, and reviews their interpretation in terms of the mechanical properties of the proton.

Cited by

• Proton Structure from a Soft-Wall Holographic QCD Model: Mass Spectrum, Form Factors, and Mechanical Properties
• Gluon Gravitational D-Form Factor: The σ-Meson as a Dilaton Confronted with Lattice Data II
• On-shell Matrix Elements of the EMT Trace in Gauge Theories and Heavy Quark Masses
• Lattice evidence that scalar glueballs are small
• Gravitational D-Form Factor: The σ-Meson as a Dilaton confronted with Lattice Data
• Scale-anomaly-induced binding pressure in hadrons
• Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory
• On the Impossibility of Obtaining Time-Independent, Three-Dimensional, Spherically-Symmetric Densities of Confined Systems of Relativistically Moving Constituents
• Gravitational form factors of pions, kaons and nucleons from dispersion relations
• Reflections on Noether's second theorem and the energy-momentum tensor
• Electroexcitation of Nucleon Resonances and the Emergence of Hadron Mass
• Mapping the transverse spin sum rule in position space
• Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity: Constraints from the generalized parton distributions (GPDs)
• Violation of energy conditions and the gravitational radius of the proton
• Mechanical form factors and densities of non-relativistic fermions

Related

• Nucleon Gravitational Form Factors
• Gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton
• Gravitational Form Factors and Mechanical Properties of the Proton : Connection Between Distributions in 2D and 3D
• Mechanical properties of particles
• Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors