1988/02/01 by Roy F. Baumeister · 197 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Action (physics) #Aesthetics #Computer science #Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion #Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior #Focus (optics) #Gender studies #Humiliation #Identity (music) #Individualism #Object (grammar) #Personal identity #Psychology #Self #Self identification #Self-concept #Social and Intergroup Psychology #Social psychology #Sociology
paper · doi:10.1080/00224498809551444
published in The Journal of Sex Research 25(1), 28-59 (Taylor & Francis)
openalex publication_date 1988/02/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
Recent theoretical advances from social psychology, especially self‐awareness theory and action identification theory, are here applied to masochism. It is possible to consider mashochism as neither a form of self‐destruction nor a derivative of sadism. Instead, masochism may be a means of escaping from high‐level awareness of self as a symbolically mediated, temporally extended identity. Such awareness is replaced by focus on the immediate present and on bodily sensations, and sometimes by a low‐level awareness of self as an object. Evidence is reviewed indicating that the principal features of masochism (pain, bondage, and humiliation) help accomplish this hypothesized escape from high‐level self‐awareness. Historical evidence suggests that sexual masochism proliferated when Western culture became highly individualistic. This could mean that cultural emphasis on the autonomous, individual self increased the burdensome pressure of selfhood, leading to greater desires to escape from self masochistically.