SURVEY FOR KARLOTOXIN PRODUCTION IN 15 SPECIES OF GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATES (KARENIACEAE, DINOPHYTA)1

2009/02/01 by Ben D. Mooney, Miguel De Salas, Miguel de Salas +2 · 43 citations
Earth and Planetary Sciences · Environmental Science · #Biology #Botany #Dinoflagellate #Marine Toxins and Detection Methods #Marine and coastal ecosystems #Marine and coastal plant biology

paper · pdf · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00630.x

published in Journal of Phycology 45(1), 164-175 (Wiley)

openalex publication_date 2009/02/01 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28

Abstract

Toxin analysis of 15 species of Kareniaceae revealed the presence of karlotoxin, KmTx 2, in only a single species (Karlodinium veneficum) but with variable activity in strains from the Swan (Km(Swan) Tx 2-1, 2.1 pg · cell(-1) ; and Km(Swan) Tx 2-2, 0.53 pg · cell(-1) ), Huon (Km(Huon) Tx 2, 0.86 pg · cell(-1) ), and Derwent rivers (<0.001 pg · cell(-1) ) in Australia. A newly isolated Southern Ocean species, Karlodinium conicum, contained a novel poorly hemolytic karlotoxin analogue (Kmconicum Tx, 2.8 pg · cell(-1) ). The hemolytic potency (HD50%) of the Australian karlotoxins were as follows: Km(Swan) Tx 2-1 (65.9 ± 4.8 ng) and Km(Swan) Tx 2-2 (63.4 ± 3.7 ng), Km(Huon) Tx 2 (343 ± 4.9 ng), and Kmconicum Tx (>4,000 ng). Species from the closely related genera Takayama (T. helix, T. tasmanica, T. tuberculata), Karenia (K. asterichroma, K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. umbella), and Karlodinium (Ka. australe, Ka. antarcticum, Ka. ballantinum, Ka. corrugatum, Ka. decipiens) were all consistently negative for karlotoxin production. Brevetoxin (PbTx) was only detected in K. brevis, and hemolytic activity was only observed in Ka. veneficum strains.

Cited by

• A comparative study on the allelopathy and toxicity of four strains ofKarlodinium veneficumwith different culturing histories
• Marine microalgae attack and feed on metazoans
• Structure and relative potency of several karlotoxins from Karlodinium veneficum. [europepmc]
• Progress in Understanding Algal Bloom-Mediated Fish Kills: The Role of Superoxide Radicals, Phycotoxins and Fatty Acids. [europepmc]
• Stereochemical Studies of the Karlotoxin Class Using NMR Spectroscopy and DP4 Chemical-Shift Analysis: Insights into their Mechanism of Action. [europepmc]
• Ichthyotoxic Karlodinium veneficum (Ballantine) J Larsen in the Upper Swan River Estuary (Western Australia): Ecological conditions leading to a fish kill. [europepmc]
• Karmitoxin: An Amine-Containing Polyhydroxy-Polyene Toxin from the Marine Dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger. [europepmc]
• Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge. [europepmc]
• The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is vulnerable to the toxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger-Adult filtration is inhibited and several life stages killed. [europepmc]
• Metagenomic Sequencing Identifies Highly Diverse Assemblages of Dinoflagellate Cysts in Sediments from Ships' Ballast Tanks. [europepmc]
• Assessing the Effect of Modified Clay on the Toxicity of Karenia mikimotoi Using Marine Medaka ( Oryzias melastigma ) as a Model Organism. [europepmc]
• Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Pagrus major by the Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi . [europepmc]
• The Chemistry of Phytoplankton. [europepmc]

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