Development and validation of ego-identity status.
1966/01/01 by James E. Marcia · 5,092 citations
Computer Science · Psychology · #Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology #Developmental psychology #Educational Methods and Teacher Development #Id, ego and super-ego #Identity (music) #Identity, Memory, and Therapy #Loevinger's stages of ego development #Psychology #Psychometrics #Self-concept #Social psychology #Test validity #Validation test
paper · doi:10.1037/h0023281
published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3(5), 551-558 (American Psychological Association)
openalex publication_date 1966/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06
Abstract
4 modes of reacting to the late adolescent identity crisis were described, measured, and validated. Criteria for inclusion in 1 of 4 identity statuses were the presence of crisis and commitment in the areas of occupation and ideology. Statuses were determined for 86 college male Ss by means of individual interviews. Performance on a stressful concept-attainment task, patterns of goal setting, authoritarianism, and vulnerability to self-esteem change were dependent variables. Ss higher in ego identity performed best on the conceptattainment task; those in the status characterized by adherence to parental wishes set goals unrealistically high and subscribed significantly more to authoritarian values. Failure of the self-esteem condition to discriminate among the statuses was attributed to unreliability in self-esteem measurement. Ego identity and identity diffusion (Erikson, 19S6, 1963) refer to polar outcomes of the hypothesized psychosocial crisis occurring in late adolescence. Erikson views this phase of the life cycle as a time of growing occupational and ideological commitment. Facing such imminent adult tasks as getting a job and becoming a citizen, the individual is required to synthesize childhood identifications in such a way that he can both establish a reciprocal relationship with his society and maintain a feeling of continuity within himself. Previous studies have attempted to determine the extent of ego-identity achievement by means of an adjustment measure and the semantic differential technique (Bronson, 19S9), a Q-sort measure of real-ideal-se lf discrepancy (Gruen, 1960), a measure of role variability based on adjective ranking (Block,
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