2026/03/20 by Francois Baccelli, Ali Khezeli
#math.PR
Indistinguishability is a form of ergodicity, introduced by Lyons and Schramm for percolation clusters, that has become a fundamental notion in the theory of random infinite graphs. We prove the indistinguishability of connected components for a broad family of random one-ended or two-ended oriented forests on unimodular graphs using a new approach. We unify these models by introducing `coalescing Markov trajectories' (CMTs), which encompass a wide range of classical coalescing models, including river models and coalescing random walks. We also establish the indistinguishability of level-sets, a problem that has not previously been studied and lies beyond the scope of existing techniques. Using the latter, we prove that the clusters of the stationary voter model on a unimodular graph are indistinguishable. The core of the proof approach is the reduction of the indistinguishability of the components (respectively, level-sets) to the ergodicity (respectively, tail triviality) of the ancestry chain of the root. This shows a structural property that the ancestry chain is the fundamental object governing indistinguishability. For CMTs, the proof is completed by proving the tail triviality of Markov chains on unimodular random graphs, which is of independent interest. The flexibility of the approach is illustrated by further applications: It yields indistinguishability results for some point-map models on Bernoulli and Poisson point processes, including Howard's model and the strip point-map. It also yields a new and substantially simpler proof of indistinguishability for the wired uniform spanning forest, which is the only one-ended model for which indistinguishability was previously studied in the literature.