2026/07/01 by Jaime Reyes-Guerrero, J. Reyes-Guerrero, Santiago Pérez-Hoyos +3
Physics and Astronomy · Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Planetary Science and Exploration #Biocrusts and Microbial Ecology #Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
paper · pdf · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2026.117276
Venus presents a complex cloud structure with aerosol particles of different sizes located mainly between 48 km and 70 km in altitude. However, the number of free parameters that can describe such a cloud structure is usually overwhelming, and a number of simplified parameterizations are commonly assumed. In this work, we re-analyze the information content on aerosol vertical distribution provided by the nightside infrared data collected by Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) onboard Venus Express. Starting from Haus et al. 2013 aerosol vertical distribution description, we use the archNEMESIS radiative transfer code and retrieval suite together with the Bayesian inference tool Multinest to compute the evidence supporting different models based on alternative choices of model parameters. This study analyzes locations at three different regions: mid-latitudes, the so-called cold collar, and the South Polar Vortex. We use a data cube that covers all of these regions simultaneously and additional observations distributed throughout the Venus Express mission. We find that these observations provide significant information about the peak particle number density, base altitude and layer thickness of aerosol modes 2, 2’ and 3 when individual parameters are retrieved — a more informative description than the scaling ‘mode factors’ often used in similar retrievals. Including mode 1 in our models, however, does not provide a significant increase of Bayesian evidence. The peak of mode 2 particle number density in mid-latitude locations is obtained at around 66 km, which is similar to the a priori model, whereas in the cold collar and South Polar Vortex locations, the peak is located at altitudes as low as 58 km. In the middle and lower clouds, particles of modes 2’ and 3 present higher variability in altitude with respect to the a priori model. Our retrieved cloud and temperature profiles are in general agreement with previous studies, although we find higher cloud tops in the South Polar Vortex locations. This initial computing effort provides an optimal parameterization that will allow us to study in greater detail the instantaneous horizontal cloud and temperature structure from the entire VIRTIS-M infrared database, which we will discuss in a forthcoming paper.