2026/03/16 by Anonymous, Tsutomu T. Takeuchi
Physics and Astronomy · #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena #Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
paper · pdf · doi:10.1103/3n9q-x4h2
Cosmological large-scale structure is usually characterized by statistics such as the power spectrum and correlation function, which describe fluctuation amplitudes but not the spatial redistribution of matter. We formulate structure formation as a transport problem between mass distributions using the Wasserstein distance of optimal transport theory. The generative process from the initial linear density field to an observed galaxy catalog is represented as a hierarchical mapping from a continuous matter field to a galaxy point process. Under the small-fluctuation approximation, we derive an approximate Wasserstein distance that decomposes into three physically distinct contributions: gravitational mass transport, galaxy formation bias, and shot noise from discrete galaxy sampling. The gravitational term is expressed as an integral of the matter power spectrum, whereas the galaxy formation term is given by a transport-weighted integral of the galaxy correlation function. The sampling term reduces to Poisson shot noise. Unlike conventional volume-weighted clustering statistics, the correlation contribution measures cumulative matter displacements and is naturally connected to baryon acoustic oscillation smearing. This framework provides a transport-geometric description of large-scale structure formation and introduces the Wasserstein distance as a statistical link between continuous density fields and observed galaxy catalogs.(abridged)