Expansion of the Knockdown Resistance Frequency Map for Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) in the United States Using Quantitative Sequencing
2016/03/31 by Kyle Gellatly, Kyle J. Gellatly, Sarah Krim +6 · 20 citations
Medicine · Immunology and Microbiology · #Dermatological diseases and infestations #Bird parasitology and diseases #Vector-borne infectious diseases
paper · pdf · doi:10.1093/jme/tjw023
Abstract
Pediculosis is a prevalent parasitic infestation of humans, which is increasing due, in part, to the selection of lice resistant to either the pyrethrins or pyrethroid insecticides by the knockdown resistance (kdr) mechanism. To determine the extent and magnitude of the kdr-type mutations responsible for this resistance, lice were collected from 138 collection sites in 48 U.S. states from 22 July 2013 to 11 May 2015 and analyzed by quantitative sequencing. Previously published data were used for comparisons of the changes in the frequency of the kdr-type mutations over time. Mean percent resistance allele frequency (mean % RAF) values across the three mutation loci were determined from each collection site. The overall mean % RAF (±SD) for all analyzed lice was 98.3 ± 10%. 132/138 sites (95.6%) had a mean % RAF of 100%, five sites (3.7%) had intermediate values, and only a single site had no mutations (0.0%). Forty-two states (88%) had a mean % RAF of 100%. The frequencies of kdr-type mutations did not differ regardless of the human population size that the lice were collected from, indicating a uniformly high level of resistant alleles. The loss of efficacy of the Nix formulation (Prestige Brand, Tarrytown, NY) from 1998 to 2013 was correlated to the increase in kdr-type mutations. These data provide a plausible reason for the decrease in the effectiveness of permethrin in the Nix formulation, which is the parallel increase of kdr-type mutations in lice over time.
Cited by
- Molecular Markers of Pesticide Resistance and Pathogens in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) From Rural Georgia, USA
- Molecular Survey for Pathogens and Markers of Permethrin Resistance in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Madagascar
- Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Clinical studies evaluating abametapir lotion, 0.74%, for the treatment of head louse infestation. [europepmc]
- Efficacy and Safety of a Water-Based Head Lice Lotion: A Randomized, Controlled, Investigator-Blinded, Comparative, Bicentric Study. [europepmc]
- High efficacy of a dimeticone-based pediculicide following a brief application: in vitro assays and randomized controlled investigator-blinded clinical trial. [europepmc]
- Severe pediculosis capitis in a nursery school girl [europepmc]
- First evidence of the mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in head lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Honduras. [europepmc]
- International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations. [europepmc]
- Presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) collected from primary school children of Thailand. [europepmc]
- Effectiveness and tolerability of a squalane and dimethicone-based treatment for head lice. [europepmc]
- Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. [europepmc]
- New chemistries for the control of human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis: A mini-review. [europepmc]
- Determination of Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele Frequencies (T929I mutation) in Head Louse Populations from Mexico, Canada, and Peru. [europepmc]
- Physically Acting Treatments for Head Lice-Can We Still Claim They Are 'Resistance Proof'? [europepmc]
- A comprehensive survey of permethrin resistance in human head louse populations from northwest Iran: ex vivo and molecular monitoring of knockdown resistance alleles. [europepmc]
- The Use of Rabbits Used to Propagate Human Lice for Research. [europepmc]
- Presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the head lice ( Pediculus humanus capitis ) population in the North of Iran. [europepmc]
- First Report of the Gene Mutations Associated with Permethrin Resistance in Head Lice ( Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767) from Primary School Children in Istanbul (Türkiye) and Nagarkot (Nepal). [europepmc]
- Mapping Knock-Down Resistance Mutations in Head-Louse Populations in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. [europepmc]
Related