2025/05/12 by Yax Thakkar, T. Kobets, Anne Marie Api +2 · 1 citation
paper · doi:10.1002/em.70015
published in Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 66(5), 243-257 (Wiley)
crossref issued 2025/05/12 · crossref published 2025/05/12 · crossref published-online 2025/05/12 · crossref created 2025/05/13 · crossref published-print 2025/06/01 · crossref deposited 2025/07/18 · crossref indexed 2026/08/07
ABSTRACT The Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA) is an avian egg‐based model that utilizes the livers of developing chicken embryo‐fetuses to assess the ability of chemicals to produce direct DNA damage. The main goal of the study was to evaluate target tissue exposure and metabolism in the CEGA to assess its suitability as a biologically relevant new approach methodology (NAM) for detecting the genotoxic potential of chemicals. An imaging study using two‐photon excitation microscopy after the administration of a fluorescent dye (acridine orange) verified that chemicals following administration into the air sac of the fertilized chicken egg reach the target organ, liver. A metabolism study using liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/MS), conducted after the administration of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) according to the CEGA protocol, confirmed the formation of sufficient amounts of reactive metabolite(s) responsible for the genotoxic effects of a parent compound upon reaching the target tissue. Moreover, an RNA sequencing study revealed that B(a)P in embryo‐fetal chicken livers significantly upregulated several genes responsible for the activity of the CYP1A1 enzyme, which is critical for the bioactivation of B(a)P. These findings, along with the previously reported DNA damage (i.e., DNA adducts and single‐strand breaks) produced by B(a)P in CEGA, support sufficient target tissue exposure to B(a)P and the ability of avian fetal livers to bioactivate B(a)P to a reactive intermediate. Overall, the findings in the study support the conclusion that the CEGA can be considered a robust potential alternative to the animal testing strategy for assessing the genotoxic potential of chemicals.