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Hilbert schemes, polygraphs and the Macdonald positivity conjecture

2001/05/29 by Mark Haiman · 459 citations
Mathematics · Physics and Astronomy · #Algebraic structures and combinatorial models #Advanced Algebra and Geometry #Nonlinear Waves and Solitons #Algorithm #Artificial intelligence #Computer science

paper · pdf · doi:10.1090/s0894-0347-01-00373-3

published in Journal of the American Mathematical Society 14(4), 941-1006 (American Mathematical Society)

openalex publication_date 2001/05/29 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/05/21

Abstract

We study the <italic>isospectral Hilbert scheme</italic> <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Xn</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , defined as the reduced fiber product of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis double-struck upper C squared right-parenthesis Superscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\mathbb C2)n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with the Hilbert scheme <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Hn</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of points in the plane <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="double-struck upper C squared"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb C2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , over the symmetric power <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper S Superscript n Baseline double-struck upper C squared equals left-parenthesis double-struck upper C squared right-parenthesis Superscript n Baseline slash upper S Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Sn\mathbb C2 = (\mathbb C2)n/Sn</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . By a theorem of Fogarty, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Hn</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is smooth. We prove that <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Xn</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is normal, Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein, and hence flat over <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Hn</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . We derive two important consequences. (1) We prove the strong form of the <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n factorial"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>!</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n!</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> <italic>conjecture</italic> of Garsia and the author, giving a representation-theoretic interpretation of the Kostka-Macdonald coefficients <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper K Subscript lamda mu Baseline left-parenthesis q comma t right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <m

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