2005/11/09 by James F. Fries · 432 citations
Social Sciences · Medicine · #Historical and modern epidemiology studies #Autopsy Techniques and Outcomes #Health disparities and outcomes #Citation #Smallpox #Population #Medicine #Gerontology #History #Library science #Virology #Vaccination #Environmental health #Computer science
paper · pdf · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00401.x
published in Milbank Quarterly 83(4), 801-823 (Wiley)
openalex publication_date 2005/11/09 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/22
I n this century we are progressing through three separate eras with dramatically different characteristics of health and illness. We entered the century in an era of infectious disease, with tuberculosis the number one killer of our population, and smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, and other infectious illnesses extremely prevalent. A reduction in mortality from these diseases of over 99 percent Atherosclerosis and its complications, neoplasia, emphysema, diabetes, cirrhosis, and osteoarthritis have increased in prevalence even as the infectious illnesses which preceded them declined. It is one thesis of this discussion that this chronic disease era in its turn will slowly decline in significance, leaving a third era in which the major health problems of the United States will be directly related to the process of senescence, and where the aging process itself, independent of specific disease, will constitute a major burden of illness for the United States.