2023/09/11 by Naoki Harada, Hidenobu Yajima, Harada, Naoki +3 · 2 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) #FOS: Physical sciences #Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.05307
openalex publication_date 2023/09/11 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
We study gas and metal outflow from massive galaxies in protocluster regions at z=3-9 by using the results of the FOREVER22 simulation project. Our simulations contain massive haloes with M\rm h \gtrsim 1013~\rm M\odot, showing high star formation rates of > 100~\rm M\odot~yr-1 and hosting supermassive black holes with M\rm BH \gtrsim 108~\rm M\odot. We show that the mass loading factor (η\rm M) sensitively depends on the halo mass and it is η\rm M = 1.2~(9.2) for M\rm h = 1013~(1011)~\rm M\odot. Once the halo mass exceeds ∼ 1012.5~\rm M\odot, the outflow velocity of the gas rapidly decreases near a virial radius, and the gas returns to a galactic centre finally as a fountain flow. Also, the metal inflow and outflow rates sensitively depend on the halo mass and redshift. At z=3, the inflow rate becomes larger than the outflow one if M\rm h \gtrsim 1013.0~\rm M\odot. Thus, we suggest that massive haloes cannot be efficient metal enrichment sources beyond virial radii that will be probed in future observations, e.g., studies of metal absorption lines with the Prime Focus Spectrograph on the Subaru telescope.