A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
1983/12/01 by Sheldon Cohen, Tom Kamarck, Robin Mermelstein · 32,748 citations
Health Professions · Psychology · #Anxiety #Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes #Clinical psychology #Construct validity #Health, psychology, and well-being #Perceived Stress Scale #Psychiatry #Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction #Psychology #Psychometrics #Reliability (semiconductor) #Scale (ratio) #Stress (linguistics)
paper · doi:10.2307/2136404
published in Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24(4), 385 (SAGE Publishing)
openalex publication_date 1983/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
This paper presents evidence from three samples, two of college students and one of participants in a community smoking-cessation program, for the reliability and validity of a 14-item instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The PSS showed adequate reliability and, as predicted, was correlated with life-event scores, depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance. In all comparisons, the PSS was a better predictor of the outcome in question than were life-event scores. When compared to a depressive symptomatology scale, the PSS was found to measure a different and independently predictive construct. Additional data indicate adequate reliability and validity of a four-item version of the PSS for telephone interviews. The PSS is suggested for examining the role of nonspecific appraised stress in the etiology of disease and behavioral disorders and as an outcome measure of experienced levels of stress.
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- Guided Health Imagery for Smoking Cessation and Long‐Term Abstinence
- The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination.
- Daily Morning Running for 3 Weeks Improved Sleep and Psychological Functioning in Healthy Adolescents Compared With Controls
- The Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries
- Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes
- Dispositional Optimism and Physical Well‐Being: The Influence of Generalized Outcome Expectancies on Health
- Mental and physical health of spouse caregivers: The role of personality.
- Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers
- Does Anxiety Improve Economic Decision-Making?
- MIND: Empowering Mental Health Clinicians with Multimodal Data Insights through a Narrative Dashboard
- Fixed effects, random effects and GEE: What are the differences?
- Regular Exercise in 30- to 60-Year-Old Men: Combining The Stages-of-Change Model and The Theory of Planned Behavior to Identify Determinants for Targeting Heart Health Interventions
- Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation
- Dynamic benefits of finding the silver lining: secondary control as a buffer against declines in well-being during COVID-19
- Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events.
- Expanding the Margins of Identity: A Critique of Marginalization in a Globalized World
- A literature review of the social and psychological needs of ovarian cancer survivors
- Learned Helplessness Among Families and Surrogate Decision-Makers of Patients Admitted to Medical, Surgical, and Trauma ICUs
- Affectionate experience mediates the effects of alexithymia on mental health and interpersonal relationships
- Measuring Large-Scale Social Networks with High Resolution
- Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?
- Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres
- Why does perfectionism confer risk for depressive symptoms? A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of stress and social disconnection
- Dynamics of telomerase activity in response to acute psychological stress
- Telomere Shortening in Formerly Abused and Never Abused Women
- The impact of psychological distress during pregnancy on the developing fetus: biological mechanisms and the potential benefits of mindfulness interventions
- Healthcare Staff Wellbeing, Burnout, and Patient Safety: A Systematic Review
- How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry
- Effects of automated massage chair therapy on mental health and physical health: A comprehensive study
- Do perceived helpfulness and competition in classroom contexts moderate or mediate the association between perceived stress and socio-emotional strengths and difficulties from early to middle adolescence?
- Implications of we-talk for relationships and health among patients with type 1 diabetes and their spouses
- Changes in perceived stress among family caregivers of people living with dementia: An exploratory longitudinal network analysis
- Mindfulness and associated constructs as moderators of the relationship between problematic social media use and mental health
- Measure of Node Similarity in Multilayer Networks
- Stress management interventions for college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Income is an independent risk factor for worse asthma outcomes
- A computational framework for longitudinal medication adherence prediction in breast cancer survivors: A social cognitive theory based approach
- Understanding hospital employee job stress and turnover intentions in a practical setting
- Sleep in Mother and Child Dyads During Treatment for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
- Integrative Health Coaching for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
- Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs.
- Continuity of maternal stress from the pre- to the postnatal period: associations with infant's positive, negative and overall temperamental reactivity
- Towards Human-Centered Early Prediction Models for Academic Performance in Real-World Contexts
- Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males
- On Pancultural Self-Enhancement
- Stress, burnout and coping among nurses working on acute medical wards and in the community: A quantitative study
- Factors Predicting Depression Among Thai Adolescents During the Transition From the COVID–19 Pandemic to the Endemic Phase
- Altered States of Consciousness and Mystical Experiences during Sensory Isolation in Flotation Tank: Is the Highly Sensitive Personality Variable of Importance?
- Perceived Stress, Thinking Style, and Paranormal Belief
- Smartphone-Based Wellness Assessment Using Mobile Environmental Sensors
- The Application of Reiki Therapy on Stress, Anxiety, and Well-Being in Health care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Distributed Lag Interaction Model with Index Modification
- Cardiovascular risk reduction through a peer-led digital health lifestyle intervention in a low-income community: outcomes from the MYCardio-PEER program
- The Hidden Burden of Undiagnosed Psychological Stress Among Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia
- What People Share With a Robot When Feeling Lonely and Stressed and How It Helps Over Time
- Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? [europepmc]
- Food consumption frequency and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among students in three European countries. [europepmc]
- Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis. [europepmc]
- Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke. [europepmc]
- Spouses, adult children, and children-in-law as caregivers of older adults: a meta-analytic comparison. [europepmc]
- Green space and stress: evidence from cortisol measures in deprived urban communities. [europepmc]
- Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers. [europepmc]
- A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a large sample of French employees. [europepmc]
- Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. [europepmc]
- The German version of the Perceived Stress Scale - psychometric characteristics in a representative German community sample. [europepmc]
- Prevalence and correlates of problematic smartphone use in a large random sample of Chinese undergraduates. [europepmc]
- Differences in gut microbial composition correlate with regional brain volumes in irritable bowel syndrome. [europepmc]
- The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. [europepmc]
- Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. [europepmc]
- Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Enhancement of Psychological Well-Being Among College Students: Systematic Review. [europepmc]
- Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals. [europepmc]
- The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. [europepmc]
- Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. [europepmc]
- Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. [europepmc]
- Who is the Most Stressed During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Data From 26 Countries and Areas. [europepmc]
- Health and disease markers correlate with gut microbiome composition across thousands of people. [europepmc]
- Psychological Adjustment of Healthcare Workers in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences in Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Compassion Satisfaction between Frontline and Non-Frontline Professionals. [europepmc]
- Increased mood disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and alcohol use among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. [europepmc]
- Parents Are Stressed! Patterns of Parent Stress Across COVID-19. [europepmc]
- Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. [europepmc]
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