1977/01/01 by Shannon E. Fleming, Ann K. Fleming · 1 citation
Arts and Humanities · Engineering · #Hispanic-African Historical Relations #Surrender #Protectorate #Independence (probability theory) #Victory #Nationalism #Indigenous #Politics #Law #Sonne #Political science #Constitution #Autonomy #History #Humanities #Ancient history #Art #Engineering
paper · pdf · doi:10.1177/002200947701200104
openalex publication_date 1977/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/06/21
de Rivera inherited a number of problems when he toppled the constitutional regime on 13 September 1923.One of the more urgent of these was Morocco.Despite Santiago Alba's efforts to give the Protectorate a civil orientation and to bring the Riffi Rebel, Abd-el-Krim, to the conference table, the constitutional politicians were no closer to solving what had become a major drain on Spain's manpower and resources in 1923 than they had been in 1921.Abd-el- Krim was intractable, and even Alba's offer of a partial withdrawal to the coast and the guarantee of Riff autonomy did little to soften his attitu de.1Abd-el-Krim had, after all, routed the Spanish Army at Annual in July 1921 and had become, both to himself and a few European and Maghrebi intellectuals and radicals, a symbol of indigenous nationalism.To have accepted Alba's terms would have meant surrender -or at least partial surrender -to the very people he had almost defeated two years before.This he would not accept.But, of course, why should he?In the autumn of 1923 he was in an ideal position.He led a tightly knit movement that rested on the twin pillars of a centralized political organization and a strong, mobile army.In addition, he fought for a cause: the independence of his people from European and Christian domination.More importantly, he fought on his own terms, and in a territory with which both he and his harkas were intimately acquainted.He could count, moreover, on Spanish war-weariness and French neutrality.2Therr was little reason for him, at least in the short run, even to consider a modus vivendi with the Spanish.Abd-el-Krim, however, was not the only one who looked askance at Alba's efforts.The africanistas -those young officers in the Spanish Army who had actually fought in the Protectorate -were appalled by