2020/10/27 by Somnath Dutta, Chin-Fei Lee, Tie Liu +32 · 2 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #astro-ph.GA #astro-ph.SR
paper · pdf · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abba26
43 pages, 25 figures (14 in the main text, 9 in the appendix), accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ApJS)
arxiv created 2020/10/27 · arxiv updated 2020/12/02
Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) are contemplated to be the ideal targets to probe the early phases of star formation. We have conducted a survey of 72 young dense cores inside PGCCs in the Orion complex with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.3 mm (band 6) using three different configurations (resolutions ∼ 0\farcs35, 1\farcs0, and 7\farcs0) to statistically investigate their evolutionary stages and sub-structures. We have obtained images of the 1.3 mm continuum and molecular line emission (12CO, and SiO) at an angular resolution of ∼ 0\farcs35 (∼ 140 au) with the combined arrays. We find 70 substructures within 48 detected dense cores with median dust-mass ∼ 0.093 M\sun and deconvolved size ∼ 0\farcs27. Dense substructures are clearly detected within the central 1000 au of four candidate prestellar cores. The sizes and masses of the substructures in continuum emission are found to be significantly reduced with protostellar evolution from Class 0 to Class I. We also study the evolutionary change in the outflow characteristics through the course of protostellar mass accretion. A total of 37 sources exhibit CO outflows, and 20 (>50%) show high-velocity jets in SiO. The CO velocity-extents (ΔVs) span from 4 to 110 km/s with outflow cavity opening angle width at 400 au ranging from [Θobs]400 ∼ 0\farcs6 to 3\farcs9, which corresponds to 33\fdg4-125\fdg7. For the majority of the outflow sources, the ΔVs show a positive correlation with [Θobs]400, suggesting that as protostars undergo gravitational collapse, the cavity opening of a protostellar outflow widens and the protostars possibly generate more energetic outflows.