2009/08/17 by G. R. Liu · 4 citations
Engineering · Mathematics · #Numerical methods in engineering #Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics #Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics #Mathematics #Smoothing #Space (punctuation) #Applied mathematics #Finite element method #Set (abstract data type) #Mathematical analysis #Computer science #Physics
paper · doi:10.1002/nme.2719
openalex publication_date 2009/08/17 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/02
Abstract This paper introduces a G space theory and a weakened weak form (W 2 ) using the generalized gradient smoothing technique for a unified formulation of a wide class of compatible and incompatible methods. The W 2 formulation works for both finite element method settings and mesh‐free settings, and W 2 models can have special properties including softened behavior, upper bounds and ultra accuracy. Part I of this paper focuses on the theory and fundamentals for W 2 formulations. A normed G space is first defined to include both continuous and discontinuous functions allowing the use of much more types of methods/techniques to create shape functions for numerical models. Important properties and a set of useful inequalities for G spaces are then proven in the theory and analyzed in detail. These properties ensure that a numerical method developed based on the W 2 formulation will be spatially stable and convergent to the exact solutions, as long as the physical problem is well posed. The theory is applicable to any problems to which the standard weak formulation is applicable, and can offer numerical solutions with special properties including ‘close‐to‐exact’ stiffness, upper bounds and ultra accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.