1991/01/01 by Duane W. Crawford, Edgar L. Jackson, Geoffrey Godbey · 2 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Affect (linguistics) #Artificial intelligence #Communication #Computer science #Conceptualization #Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research #Hierarchical database model #Interpersonal communication #Intrapersonal communication #Leisure activity #Leisure satisfaction #Psychology #Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management #Social psychology #Sociology #Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
paper · doi:10.1080/01490409109513147
crossref issued 1991/01/01 · crossref published 1991/01/01 · crossref published-print 1991/01/01 · openalex publication_date 1991/01/01 · crossref created 2009/07/14 · crossref deposited 2019/05/21 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · crossref indexed 2026/08/04 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
The purpose of this article is to modify a conceptualization of leisure constraints offered by Crawford and Godbey (1987). It is suggested that Crawford and Godbey's three discrete models of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints should be recast as a single integrated model in which leisure participants are viewed as having negotiated a sequential, hierarchical series of constraints levels. Three propositions about the nature, operation, and sources of constraints are derived from this model. We further demonstrate how such a process might apply not only to leisure participation and nonparticipation, but also to the understanding of how constraints affect choices (e.g., specialization) among people who are already participating.