The CES-D Scale

1977/06/01 by Lenore Sawyer Radloff · 53,580 citations
Medicine · Psychology · #Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes #Cardiac Health and Mental Health #Cartography #Clinical psychology #Construct validity #Environmental health #Geography #Internal consistency #Medicine #Population #Psychology #Psychometrics #Reliability (semiconductor) #Scale (ratio) #Schizophrenia research and treatment #Test validity

paper · open access · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306

published in Applied Psychological Measurement 1(3), 385-401 (SAGE Publishing)

crossref issued 1977/06/01 · crossref published 1977/06/01 · crossref published-online 1977/06/01 · crossref published-print 1977/06/01 · openalex publication_date 1977/06/01 · crossref created 2007/03/17 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · crossref deposited 2026/04/28 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06 · crossref indexed 2026/08/06

Abstract

The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.

Citations

• An Inventory for Measuring Depression
• A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION
• A Self-Rating Depression Scale

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