2018/02/27 by Judd D. Bowman, A. E. E. Rogers, Alan E. E. Rogers +4 · 1,198 citations
Engineering · Physics and Astronomy · #Amplitude #Astronomy #Astrophysics #Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena #Big Bang nucleosynthesis #Cosmic microwave background #Dark matter #Nucleosynthesis #Optics #Photon #Physics #Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology #Radio Wave Propagation Studies #Stars #astro-ph.CO #astro-ph.IM
paper · pdf · doi:10.1038/nature25792
published in Nature 555(7694), 67-70 (Nature Portfolio) · Accepted version of article published March 1, 2018. Full edited version available through Nature Springer SharedIt at: http://rdcu.be/H0pE
openalex publication_date 2018/02/27 · arxiv created 2018/10/13 · arxiv updated 2018/10/16 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06
After stars formed in the early Universe, their ultraviolet light is expected, eventually, to have penetrated the primordial hydrogen gas and altered the excitation state of its 21-centimetre hyperfine line. This alteration would cause the gas to absorb photons from the cosmic microwave background, producing a spectral distortion that should be observable today at radio frequencies of less than 200 megahertz. Here we report the detection of a flattened absorption profile in the sky-averaged radio spectrum, which is centred at a frequency of 78 megahertz and has a best-fitting full-width at half-maximum of 19 megahertz and an amplitude of 0.5 kelvin. The profile is largely consistent with expectations for the 21-centimetre signal induced by early stars, however, the best-fitting amplitude of the profile is more than a factor of two greater than the largest predictions. This discrepancy suggests that either the primordial gas was much colder than expected or the background radiation temperature was hotter than expected. Astrophysical phenomena (such as radiation from stars and stellar remnants) are unlikely to account for this discrepancy, of the proposed extensions to the standard model of cosmology and particle physics, only cooling of the gas as a result of interactions between dark matter and baryons seems to explain the observed amplitude. The low-frequency edge of the observed profile indicates that stars existed and had produced a background of Lyman-alpha photons by 180 million years after the Big Bang. The high-frequency edge indicates that the gas was heated to above the radiation temperature less than 100 million years later.