2018/05/31 by Wei Zhu, Yanqin Wu · 1 citation
Physics and Astronomy · #Astro and Planetary Science #Astrobiology #Astronomy #Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies #Earth (classical element) #Jupiter (rocket family) #Physics #Spacecraft #Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies #astro-ph.EP
paper · pdf · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aad22a
15 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables; AJ accepted
arxiv created 2018/07/05 · openalex publication_date 2018/08/10 · arxiv updated 2018/08/15 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06
Abstract We report relations between inner (<1 au) super Earths (planets with mass/radius between Earth and Neptune) and outer (>1 au) giant planets (mass > 0.3 M J , or cold Jupiters) around Sun-like stars, based on data from both ground-based radial velocity (RV) observations and the Kepler mission. We find that cold Jupiters appear three times more often around hosts of super Earths than they do around field stars. Given the prevalence of the super Earth systems, their cold Jupiters can account for nearly all cold Jupiters. In other words, cold Jupiters are almost certainly (∼90%) accompanied by super Earths. A few corollaries follow: (1) around metal-rich ([Fe/H] > 0.1) stars, the fraction of super Earths with cold Jupiters can rise to 60% or higher; (2) the inner architecture can be strongly impacted by the outer giant and we report some observational evidence for this; (3) planetary systems like our own, with cold Jupiters but no super Earths, should be rare (∼1%). The strong correlation between super Earths and cold Jupiters establish that super Earths and cold Jupiters do not compete for solid material, rather, they share similar origins, with the cold Jupiter formation requiring a somewhat more stringent condition. Lastly, we propose a few immediate observational tests of our results, using ground-based RV observations and ongoing/planned space missions.