1999/09/18 by Wuliang Huang, Huang, Wuliang, Xiaodong Huang +1
Physics and Astronomy · #Astronomy and Astrophysical Research #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #FOS: Physical sciences #General Physics (physics.gen-ph) #Relativity and Gravitational Theory
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9909321
openalex publication_date 1999/09/18 · openalex created_date 2020/05/13 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
We extend mass scale sequence to a mass tree. From mass tree, the evolution of the universe is described by three stages: chaos, inflation and expansion. The first two stages have c mutations and the inflation appears as a step by step fission process of black holes. The dark matter particles with low mass (neutrino and delta particle) are described in a dual SM or two-fold SM with new symmetry and new interaction, and delta-particle is like inert neutrino but has baryon number (L-B conservation). We emphasize how to search for delta-particle, how to research critical energy, critical density, background particles, and spherical universe. Critical density relates to a type of pseudo-balance black holes (or celestial bodies). Suppose the minimum black hole radius equal to proton radius means we live in a spherical universe, which belong to a big universe, mainly characterized by proton.