2008/01/01 by Richard A. Brand · 4 citations
Medicine · #Bone fractures and treatments #Family medicine #General hospital #Gerontology #Hospitality #Law #Medical education #Medical school #Medicine #Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research
paper · open access · doi:10.1007/s11999-007-0030-5
published in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 466(1), 22-36 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
openalex publication_date 2008/01/01 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
Philip Duncan Wilson was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was a family physician who held the Chair of Obstetrics in the Sterling Medical School [1]. The young Philip graduated from Harvard College in 1909 and then served as President of his graduating class at Harvard Medical School. He spent two years as a surgical intern at MGH, after which he returned to Columbus to practice. During WWI he was invited back to Boston to join the Harvard Unit under Harvey Cushing, and served with that unit when it was housed in the Lycée Pasteur. (The members of that unit included Marius Smith-Petersen, who also spent many years at the Massachusetts General Hospital and also became AAOS President.) He rejoined MGH on the staff in 1919. In 1925 he published an influential monograph with W.A. Cochrane (formerly of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), entitled, “Fractures and Dislocations” [5]. Toward the end of his years in Boston he helped found the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. In 1934 he was appointed as Surgeon-in-Chief at the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in New York City. Dr. Wilson was active in many organizations, and reorganized and renamed the hospital he served (Hospital for Special Surgery), oversaw the building of a new hospital at its current site on the Cornell University medical campus, and raised money for a large research building. His zest inspired generations, and he was known for his gracious hospitality. Dr. Wilson was one of three of the first fifteen Presidents (the others being Drs. John C. Wilson, Sr. and Melvin Henderson) whose son (Dr. Philip D. Wilson, Jr.) succeeded him as a President of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Dr. Wilson had a long interest in bone grafting and wrote numerous research papers, a few of which are referenced here [2-4]. In the article reprinted in this issue [3], he described the rapid increase in use of a bone bank he developed at the Hospital for Special Surgery in 1946: 19 operations using grafts in 1946, 48 in 1947, 106 in 1948, 134 in 1949, and 259 in 1950. He describes his animal experiments with autogenous grafts in which grafts rapidly incorporated. He further describes biopsies of previously implanted autogenous and homogenous bone transplants in patients undergoing serial fusions for scoliosis. The pathologist (Dr. Milton Helpern) commented they found “…no evidence that the cells in the bone transplants survived…” Autogenous grafts, his evidence suggested, incorporated more rapidly that homogenous grafts, but “…in the end the results are the same.” His followup studies suggested successful incorporation of graft in 210 of 248 cases.Figure: Philip Duncan Wilson, MD is shown. Photograph is reproduced with permission and ©American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fifty Years of Progress, 1983.References 1. Philip Duncan Wilson, MD 1886-1969. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969;51:1445-1447. 2. Wilson PD. Experiences with a bone bank. Ann Surg. 1947;126:932-945. 3. Wilson PD. Experience with the use of refrigerated homogenous bone. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951;33:301-315. 4. Wilson PD. Follow-up study of the use of refrigerated homogenous bone grafts in orthopaedic operations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1951;33:307-323. 5. Wilson PD, Cochrane WA. Fractures and Dislocations. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1925. Introduction This report is intended to be the complement of an earlier paper, entitled “Experiences with a Bone Bank”, which I read before the American Surgical Association at its Annual Meeting at Hot Springs, Virginia, in April 1947. In that paper, I gave a summary of experience at the Hospital for Special Surgery with the use of homogenous bone grafts which had been preserved by refrigeration at temperatures of between minus 10 and minus 20 degrees centigrade, for varying periods of time, and then used as a substitute for grafts of fresh autogenous bone in orthopaedic operations. While the experience was small, covering a period of only one year beginning May, 1946, and comprising thirty operations on twenty-five patients, the results appeared to be so satisfactory that it was considered justifiable to publish a preliminary report. Since that time we have continued to use this method of bone transplantation almost to the exclusion of autogenous bone grafts, and it seems important to make an additional report based on this much longer and larger experience. Contemporary Work with Homogenous Grafts In my former paper, I gave a summary of the previous efforts to find substitutes for autogenous bone grafts, of experiments with various materials, and of the results obtained. Here I shall comment only on those articles dealing with the subject which have appeared since that time. In 1947, L. F. Bush published a preliminary report on the use of homogenous bone grafts from seventy-three donors in sixty-seven operations at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital. Some of the grafts were obtained from relatives of the patients (syngenesious) and were used immediately, while others were homogenous and had been preserved by implantation under the patient's skin or by refrigeration at minus 25 degrees centigrade for various periods of time in sterile glass jars. A table of the various conditions treated is shown, but there is no summary of the results or any figures indicating the number of grafts implanted by each of these three methods. The results are described as satisfactory. M. O. Henry, in 1948, of of the long treated by fresh bone In the but were by and in 1949, on the use of homogenous bone grafts which had been preserved in an of The of the in which the bone was for the first two was it was in a of which was two the bone was studies in patients with in one the bone was In these patients, was it have been had autogenous grafts been used homogenous grafts which had been obtained from or from fresh the these were used as grafts in the of from which were the of an in the of the results were obtained. The experience at the Hospital for Special Surgery to April a period of three years and operations on In I have included results from the New York a bone bank been in since 1947. The there is to that used at the Hospital for Special This an additional operations on patients, or a of operations on The this are in and to The a of was to the Hospital for Special Surgery in 1946, with of the He had been in the had been and the with autogenous bone from the there was a of the which was for a number of years before for an was obtained. in 1946, the was and the was with bone from the bone bank. the before the two years The been of Bone have continued to use the for the of bone as is described in my earlier bone are from any in which bone is or the of operations on the The of bone obtained from or on the is in but is large in the and the bone is In we find it to of the in when this is an the since this of the are to be in a surgical is to to on the and to the bone for This is but it an for the to in the use of are inspired by the that as a of efforts the bone bank be the of any hospital are and they find many of bone for the bank. this we have been to of at the Hospital for Special at by a have been to make use of from since this is by the of the the period of time when bone be obtained. for the of the it be of and which is much to when it is in the fresh bone is from to and from to the and are bone is preserved in the are obtained The bone be by sterile its have found that this method a of the of to a are and also of the with which the we used this but more on the of Dr. of the Boston we have the method of a of the bone and it in a The bone is then in a sterile make use of the and glass with that are for the refrigeration of the of bone is large for these as is the with we a glass of the used for the been in the and the of the are with a of sterile which is held in by a This the and its to he while at the time the of the the is is important to bone in to the of the when only a of bone is from the as the is it is in a the is at a of between minus 10 and minus 20 degrees as the is the any of the which are of the be were to a one year with a with which for a more of the bone was with former the that its when the is but this one is to this period to the is with a which a of the of a period of one The first in at the of had of the with a the he was the was and with autogenous bone The and he was The was then and with the but no further was 1947, when he was to the Hospital the was The was and the a large The was with bone from the bone bank. year a The in three years before The after The a of two had of the and was 1947. The was and with bone from the bone bank. the The returned in with a in the of the of the and which was by the of the obtained bone is on a a report of the is obtained from the it for it is to for or bone for In the the bone is in under and conditions for a period of at the end of this time there is no it is evidence of of the is from the the of this is the of or the is be this the is in the under sterile the bone is and fresh are for this we have been to a number of which were at first to be a been to be it be are in that many of the are to and and after being to temperatures as as or degrees for or with bone donors a for and a of the to any of or of is as to its are of of the of the the the when it was the when it was the of the and the as as is that the period of refrigeration for the bone used at the Hospital for Special Surgery was and for those at the were used after for more one while the period of of a used was or The results from the use of an to be as as when the bone is used after a period of of in by first in but of the In these there was but after varying periods the of the were when but in two there was a of the and it was to and to the bone graft in to of the patients was but the had with at the time of and from the This an of which with the of from to to be the experience with in orthopaedic The a of had a of the end of the which had been by He was in and the was and with bone from the bone bank. 1947. The of the before had been The a was to the Hospital in April 1948, with an of the of He was April The were and with a A from the bone three was which were the and were held by of the The end of the was also A and the at the time of and one year after that the grafts have a large of The was and the is the of the patients for evidence of or which be to the implantation of the homogenous but found only This had a which for more two then but there was any evidence of the were two of have been and one of as of these patients it to there was any of an it was the the The had of the after was to the with to the This was by a graft from the bone bank between the first and The the of the graft one year the of this I it he that with a it is to and to bone for use in operations by refrigeration any autogenous grafts are The evidence also that these preserved homogenous bone grafts when the bone been preserved for a period of more one The of was no autogenous grafts had been to the or the Bone In to the refrigerated bone the of as a substitute for autogenous we a study of patients in homogenous bone grafts were used at the Hospital for Special only those in the period was to an of bone the period for bone to be was but there were in which evidence of was in a were The bone bank at the Hospital been for a period of time that at the Hospital for Special it was considered to make a study of the patients at the Hospital at this time. was to patients who had operations. A of the and an of the results obtained are in 2. were found or but of the were to surgical the be to or study of patients be from more of the operations were but there was a of conditions for which these operations were The in of is it is to a of any of the and the of increase with the number of included in the of which is by many orthopaedic is that the of a successful in an of bone for in to autogenous bone be obtained in the of Since the of the bank bone the of an of bone it is only that it be for this In is a in which the is to of any to the of a the which to and The a had of the The was by the using a graft from the bone bank. the before the one year after The and is the is beginning to the an of the various conditions in for which was and also an of as be that the in this was found in those patients who had fusions for and While the number of patients who were treated for these conditions is to make the figures it is by orthopaedic that there are to the of in these we have to be of the of in the operations for which in the to This is for by the that these operations were by one who had a large experience in this of also that homogenous bone as as autogenous when is used in the of results in results of of the and to the for have been to in since when the patients were with the in and the results have a of of the in this were in this and the results were to the of Dr. who is for his of this of three or in operations in which for bone was on refrigerated by autogenous bone grafts were at the of in operations for we we have to that the results from the use of homogenous bone grafts are as as any results from the use of autogenous grafts which have been of Bone In are the results obtained from the of the long be that this a of of which is the with and the in that The and of these the of and the of the with in to an of the of the are it is to autogenous bone to with the are in experience with the use of autogenous grafts, it been in to more in to of results of bone experience with the use of homogenous bone for the of these been The and of the bone with the bone of the in many is that the of bone This is the of the when autogenous bone is in In the there were of which three were of and two were of as an and treated to be a This is as a this is to the of the bone. the the the results obtained in this of patients to be with the results obtained when autogenous bone is were patients with with bone which be by methods. the were with small, refrigerated bone and the were but one of these by first of these were considered successful after periods of one year or and one is for was a there was a after a a was in which the bone was of these patients had and at the time of and it seems to that successful results in of the which were be considered satisfactory. results that homogenous bone is by there have been more Joint homogenous grafts were used in as in with three In two the time was to the The first of the was in a of active of the the grafts were the was in a with of the for a had previously been the of which had been A homogenous graft was the but a which is and the is A is as a since the after of was and the is in no to the use of bank of results of Fractures were of which were with the of homogenous The of these and the results obtained are in the the of the were and by of grafts or grafts of were were fifteen with two of these was in a with an of the a graft of bone was which was The was in a who had a of the back of the with of the of the and of the of operations were The first was an of the and a transplantation of the to the end of the This and a year a was to the of the and and to these by from the bone bank were and used as bone were the of the and the of the were and the of the The was successful in the but developed at the end of the graft in the While this is as a the of the was and the is with the of results in were three operations of a two operations on and one bone between the of the first and to of the In these the grafts had only with the but evidence of and incorporated the The results were considered The the results obtained from the use of homogenous bone with the of or refrigerated homogenous grafts served as as autogenous bone grafts in operations the and that the study that they are and any when they are from and incorporated in the this is as rapid as with autogenous grafts is to In of the patients grafts were we the that the was have been the had autogenous grafts been This that it was to the by for longer periods of time. In my previous I a study of the of autogenous bone and of homogenous bone which had been after periods of time and operations for scoliosis. were by Dr. Milton at the Hospital for Special who as as he the of was and in that in the graft and was then by the and that the bone a of and it had been bone. many of the cells of an autogenous graft when it is to of the is it is that a large number of these cells to make any in the of the In the the of of grafts is the is have a in that and the they as a or to the of the they as a of these are then the of a few cells more or in the graft no from the of time. that is is or in any of the in the refrigerated of cells after long to temperatures have been to by who are in and was to the of the and an after the had been to temperatures for time. this the that cells be when to any important in the of the seems to that be the as those in a skin graft the to be but of the graft In of the that grafts of bone and an important in the of and in the of bone and in the of one refrigerated animal bone as as The since a in a graft be were previously in which it be to the of from and studies that bone and be used in the but the number of with the is in my with the results in this with the use of homogenous bone. The of a bone bank in a hospital there is an active orthopaedic are The first and important is the the of a on the to bone bone is obtained from the or is known that in the bone are for long periods and that they the bone to an that In operations the and to the and The is the of bone for transplantation and it that the is the is under In with this it be that bank bone is in that there is no to be in its this make a when it to a bone with bone The is that the from the in the bone bank the of bone that is to his This a much be the and be for transplantation the to the time when or of be preserved for This is by the of of the earlier in this a I that the members of the Orthopaedic at the Hospital for Special Surgery have to the bone bank to an that autogenous grafts are and the number of operations in which grafts are In when bone grafts be had the of from the patient's more be found of the of operations the and to the patient's in the of a Bone are in with the of a bone bank. of these is to the of the of or the of previously we have had no of in any of but the of of and one of the that the The method used by and of the bone in this but it to be bone that is preserved in a as in the as bone that is so the results in the preliminary report of these and is it is to use bone that is in the from an that is for a bone have used bone from the in an that was for of the any but a of is raised for which it is to any are by who are with in that it been to only in who are for that and who a to the there is the of it is to use to he which are obtained from a for and be only by animal In the we have to and use in these for and In a study of patients who were to operations in which sterile homogenous bone grafts were in and there was of the grafts in two In a study to the results with to of the refrigerated homogenous bone grafts, patients were who had orthopaedic operations for a large of on a of the number of the results were found to be successful in and in patients had operations for a of the in which the was to bone the of be to This study the homogenous bone grafts be preserved for long periods of time for surgical grafts are by and the of is no with autogenous The of grafts by a of and to that of autogenous bone The results obtained are with those from the use of autogenous grafts, that in the to be a The of a bone bank is and to the and the from the of and the of the of a to bone. Dr. are to Dr. Wilson for this of the that he and his have from a of a large of in which homogenous bone been used as a substitute for autogenous a large of and this subject been in we the use of refrigerated bone as a of graft in the or In the the of this be only by the results of its to in the studies and animal are but The of Wilson, and and others have much to the with the use of refrigerated bone and the that there is or in the of fresh or refrigerated The results which Dr. Wilson further a The results which we have had in a of one are so to those obtained by Dr. Wilson that I be incorporated Dr. the of results in two the use of this in the of is in that we the for large of graft which for various be from the The use of fresh homogenous bone is an of the for graft so as the is but there are many it is a experience for the is as to a of refrigerated bone be and Bone grafts of three the the and the The and are preserved in by the as they in fresh be in fresh bone in which are by of bone that been refrigerated for periods of time that a of the grafts, fresh or in the have been in the of the large refrigerated grafts of the used for the of have been to of these for a long period of time to a with the results of use of fresh autogenous In we have used the refrigerated homogenous graft in fifteen with three and the grafts in with two was no or in the of these grafts as with the fresh The of was in the refrigerated grafts, but this be for by the of in which they were the method for was that used in bone grafts, in each one graft was a fresh autogenous and the a refrigerated homogenous was in the of the grafts the of grafts was the at the time of they were in the became incorporated the bone. In of of the evidence which we have the of refrigerated grafts, the of is by the in the a fresh autogenous graft is I to use Dr. New I have for this time to in of results at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital which have in time those of Dr. at the Hospital for Special experience been that we have had a of in fusions with the bank bone grafts with the and at a of experiments on in which they that the of a graft was in the of a fresh in a fresh in a and in a homogenous so we when to use fresh autogenous bone. the results are we results with the homogenous and it is a to be to back but I that we it as being as satisfactory as autogenous bone. use the fresh autogenous bone we The bank is in grafts for fusions which are to he in in a graft is at the first and a of it is preserved to be used in the Dr. Wilson I was with Dr. He had a of experience with the use of refrigerated bone his experience from the a of interest seems to be at the time in bone to be in that Dr. and his are so with the results as we but we that the experiments on are The of results in patients seems to to be more and we have results for to seems to that they are as as we we had used autogenous bone.