2003/01/01 by Douglas W. Cross, Robert Carton · 1 citation
Environmental Science · Medicine · #Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact #Health and Medical Research Impacts #Science, Research, and Medicine #Scrutiny #Deference #Human rights #Convention #Political science #Law #Medical ethics #Informed consent #Legislation #Ethical code #Environmental health #Medicine #Alternative medicine
paper · doi:10.1179/107735203800328830
openalex publication_date 2003/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/15
Silicofluorides, widely used in water fluoridation, are unlicensed medicinal substances, administered to large populations without informed consent or supervision by a qualified medical practitioner. Fluoridation fails the test of reliability and specificity, and, lacking toxicity testing of silicofluorides, constitutes unlawful medical research. It is banned in most of Europe; European Union human rights legislation makes it illegal. Silicofluorides have never been submitted to the U.S. FDA for approval as medicines. The ethical validity of fluoridation policy does not stand up to scrutiny relative to the Nuremberg Code and other codes of medical ethics, including the Council of Europe's Biomedical Convention of 1999. The police power of the State has been used in the United States to override health concerns, with the support of the courts, which have given deference to health authorities.