2001/08/01 by Janne S. Kotiaho · 2 citations
Psychology · Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior #Animal Behavior and Reproduction #Plant and animal studies #Trait #Empirical evidence #Sexual selection #Empirical research #Confusion #Psychology #Economics #Biology #Evolutionary biology #Computer science
paper · doi:10.1017/s1464793101005711
openalex publication_date 2001/08/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/15
Costs of sexual traits are of central importance to the theory of sexual selection. To qualify as a cost in line with theoretical models, empirical studies must demonstrate that sexual traits cause negative effects on one component of fitness of the trait bearer. Moreover, it must be demonstrated that the costs are differential such that negative effects on fitness are more severe for individuals in poor condition than for individuals in good condition. However, in the current literature, there is confusion over what qualifies as a cost, and costs are often anticipated based on findings of increased expenditure. Consequently, it seems that the generally accepted notion that sexual traits are costly is in fact based almost exclusively on indirect evidence and that direct empirical evidence is very scarce.