2004/03/23 by John Grace · 456 citations
Environmental Science · #Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics #Biology #Carbon cycle #Carbon dioxide #Carbon fibers #Carbon sequestration #Carbon sink #Climate variability and models #Ecology #Ecosystem #Ecosystem respiration #Eddy covariance #Environmental science #Greenhouse gas #Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
paper · doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00874.x
published in Journal of Ecology 92(2), 189-202 (Wiley)
openalex publication_date 2004/03/23 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/29
1 Biological carbon sinks develop in mature ecosystems that have high carbon storage when these systems are stimulated to increase productivity, so that carbon gains by photosynthesis run ahead of carbon losses by heterotrophic respiration, and the stocks of carbon therefore increase. This stimulation may occur through elevated CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition or by changes in climate. 2 Sinks also occur during the ‘building’ phase of high carbon ecosystems, for example following establishment of forests by planting. 3 New methods have been developed to identify biological carbon sinks: ground based measurements using eddy covariance coupled with inventory methods, atmospheric methods which rely on repeated measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations in a global network, and mathematical models which simulate the processes of production, storage and decomposition of organic matter. There is broad agreement among the results from these methods: carbon sinks are currently found in tropical, temperate and boreal forests as well as the ocean. 4 However, on a global scale the effect of the terrestrial sinks (absorbing 2–3 billion tonnes of carbon per year) is largely offset by deforestation in the tropics (losing 1–2 billion tonnes of carbon per year). 5 The Kyoto Protocol provides incentives for the establishment of sinks. Unfortunately, it does not provide an incentive to protect existing mature ecosystems which constitute both stocks of carbon and (currently) carbon sinks. 6 Incentives would be enhanced, if protection and nature conservation were to be part of any international agreement relating to carbon sinks.