2004/09/16 by Duncan B. Westbury · 2 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Plant Parasitism and Resistance #Plant and animal studies #Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis #Minor (academic) #Philosophy #Humanities
paper · pdf · doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x
openalex publication_date 2004/09/16 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/16
Scrophulariaceae, Pedicularieae. Yellow-rattle. Rhinanthus minor L. sensu lato is a summer annual, facultative hemiparasitic therophyte. Stem erect, simple or branched and up to 500 mm, 4-angled and often streaked or spotted black. Leaves 20–30 mm × (2–)5–8 mm, opposite, sessile, subcordate at base, ovate to lanceolate and entire to dentate, scabrid at least above, hairy or not. Flowers solitary, subsessile, in axils of leaf-like bracts in terminal spike-like racemes. Bracts triangular, glabrous or somewhat scabrid, longer to slightly shorter than calyx; lower teeth of bracts not much longer than the upper. Intercalary leaves (at nodes on the main stem between the highest branches and the lowest bract) 0–6 pairs. Calyx 4-toothed and flattened, usually mid-green or with a reddish-tinge, hairy only on the margins, or all over. Corolla 12–15(–17) mm, yellow to brownish-yellow; mouth of corolla somewhat open. Lower lip 3-lobed, turned down away from upper lip. Upper lip compressed, with two violet teeth (rounded) below the apex, < 1 mm, shorter than wide. Dorsal line of corolla ± straight proximally, merging into convexly curved upper lip. Didynamous; stamens included in upper lip of corolla. Stigma included or slightly exserted. Anther-lobes hairy, not mucronate. Seed capsules shorter than calyx, compressed and loculicidal, seeds few. Seeds ± discoid, always winged, without oil-body. Seeds 4.9 × 3.8 mm; mean seed mass 2.84 mg (Grime et al. 1988). Rhinanthus minor is highly variable in several characters and displays ecotypic variation. Identification of subspecies in the field is further confounded by its hemiparasitic habit as this can result in stunted, unbranched individuals. It has been suggested that these individuals are best ignored unless they are the prevalent sort (Stace 1997). Six subspecies may be recognized in the British Isles. Subsp. minor. Aestival flowering ecotype. Stem 120–400 mm, usually with only short non-flowering branches with longer flowering branches from the and upper of the ± Leaves on main stem × mm, to Intercalary leaves usually from Calyx hairy only on the Corolla teeth violet Subsp. flowering ecotype. Stem mm, usually with several flowering branches from and lower of Lower much shorter than upper. Leaves on main stem × mm, lanceolate or ± from the Intercalary leaves pairs. usually from Calyx hairy only on the Corolla teeth Subsp. ecotype. often Stem mm, usually with short or branches from the base, with longer flowering Lower usually the upper much Leaves on main stem × mm, ± from the base, often than in Intercalary leaves usually pairs. from Calyx hairy only on the and often Corolla yellow or teeth Subsp. flowering ecotype. Stem mm, usually with flowering branches from the Lower upper Leaves on main stem × mm, ± Intercalary leaves usually pairs. usually from Calyx hairy only on Corolla teeth Subsp. flowering ecotype. Stem mm, unbranched or with short non-flowering with ± Intercalary leaves Stem leaves × mm, or ± from Calyx hairy all over. Corolla teeth violet or Subsp. flowering ecotype. Stem to mm; to in a and suggested to be a or with of branches from the lower or of the ± or the lower Stem leaves × mm, ± from the Intercalary leaves pairs. from the Rhinanthus in the Rhinanthus in this recognized as a by in et al. and by minor. two main Rhinanthus in the British minor and Rhinanthus minor is to the British and in is in and as a of Rhinanthus minor is of the British in all of minor the British at the subspecies Subsp. minor in and Subsp. is from the of and Subsp. is to the of and from to Subsp. is from and to and Subsp. is to to in and has a and Subsp. is on in and often subspecies of minor. of Rhinanthus minor in the British Isles. at least in a of the by and of the subspecies of Rhinanthus minor in the British Isles. and at least in a of the by and Rhinanthus minor is of in the Rhinanthus minor has been as in of has been only from the et al. minor as Rhinanthus minor is et al. and minor is from to and to and It is in the and to and minor been seed a between these two has been et al. as minor minor and may been as a in from the and as minor et al. Rhinanthus minor has been in is not as of the et al. 1988). of Rhinanthus minor in and is with from of minor in the British from up to in to on in and to in is to (Grime et al. 1988). of minor that in or is at the subspecies minor is from and in (Grime et al. may be a of its hemiparasitic and the of in these of Rhinanthus are in and they are in and to or this is a result of Rhinanthus minor is not and is to be its of minor is by as Rhinanthus minor on a of and is from with a below (Grime et al. 1988). the with minor is is in the is with from often down in or as can to or be are the of and the of to and in of minor. minor is in with from a of are and are in and Rhinanthus minor has been in at and minor is as a in or It is in at and has been in with a on a of a of Rhinanthus minor is from may be a of in with a of has been and by that are to and or by in minor has been in on Rhinanthus minor is of that in (Grime et al. 1988). et al. a of minor in in Rhinanthus minor is with a to summer and with and often It is in and and or in by or the of is with and Rhinanthus minor is in a of in the British with the by et al. minor with and with a It is from and several of and is as between a and a (Grime et al. 1988). minor is usually from in has minor in British two two and with Rhinanthus minor is in the of in of with from to on the is a to a in and in and in and of the has been been of the are the in of the and to the the is by of to and and the of with Rhinanthus minor is in the is in the on in the and has been to that Rhinanthus minor has been in of with of Rhinanthus minor has been in the with a of the of has been of that is It is on the or slightly by and and as below and has a the British to and of in the and are in the in the the between and It is to and and is usually in the British in It is of or by the Rhinanthus minor with a lower in a of and of and the of the of minor the British are by et al. that as a with the and has been minor in at to its and two to be with and with minor. that minor with in to and with and may be a of may result of minor minor is with the and 1988). in minor is in all of and It is in of the minor has been in a in are to on the of minor in and the a and minor is with and et al. minor is in and and in et al. to in a to and 1988). can this to the of the of the to be in a is on the of minor to and from its of minor in a has been suggested to be a of and et al. to its hemiparasitic that the of the can the of minor individuals the of minor in is to and the of minor on its much of its that the of a the of minor. all minor at the on its or et al. of in minor in a in a by and in et al. It that the of terminal by of the not on the of the of the of or the of the slightly branches branches and and seeds and not with only short with et al. of minor by seeds in a by in and a to the of minor by the minor to a of of minor that the with a in its with individuals to in the a to on in the mean of individuals to in the the that not all in the to a at in minor in at seeds and of individuals in these the than in the with of and individuals with a in minor from to minor and to two been at least of a by and at in a in minor with individuals to in the of and of a of and at the of minor. mean of individuals in individuals to in the and and the of minor in a the at a of in of minor in the in to the and of with a of minor at the of in mean in the to in the to of a at the of minor to from a by with et al. of up the by and the on with a to Rhinanthus minor is to in away from the of on its to seed of a seed that minor is on the from seed the of and the of are all to the of minor. Rhinanthus minor has been to be to the and to at a of and is to to at the has been that minor is to the with the of to in the of minor to Rhinanthus are often as minor on a at of of flowering and of lower in a of minor in in between and et al. in of minor on a that at least in the of from to et al. of minor in a of from individuals to individuals mean of ± individuals of to et al. these are as of minor in a in ± individuals as a to ± individuals and ± individuals the at the of the with of the and to a at the the of et al. into several and Rhinanthus minor the to be and in the with a as a summer in the than in the suggested that the of minor the the of individuals a of and with a and of et al. this without the of minor to individuals of minor are by and the of minor individuals in is its to with the of its the at a of to on a a between the of minor and et al. the of on minor in a individuals are and et al. with and with the of the et al. minor in the at a of seeds of the of and two from a in with a by of minor between and or not in lowest of minor individuals in on in at this can be to the of with a of and may of minor and its minor can the is to further its minor on with individuals that of minor is not by the of at the of and of minor to the in the of a may be to its to with the that can be to the of is further by the that minor seed at seeds at the as a the individuals the of minor in on individuals to individuals in a at individuals in a by and between of and minor between with to is to be the main the of individuals on the and of the the of and to the of seed and is to and be to between can be the of minor Rhinanthus a facultative can and the in is to be with and is to the of can of individuals et al. minor has a to and from the et al. main of is that the to and seed a or the is to by several individuals to a of minor can in the of a the of and not the and between Rhinanthus minor has been to several and of minor in to and two to at least of to the a is by in and Rhinanthus minor can a of to in and et al. the of can are or minor all and has been to seeds than into and et al. of minor from in and in from the and the are or are and are minor can is not from all the a of are and been several of in with these the is usually lower than with a et al. the may be of lower to the in can be as may as in and be in the to or may between and field that the of minor on the of in a L. at the of L. by the of minor. It is that are et al. to be without et al. to and to in usually a than with a of the and in in the of minor. the of between and on the to suggested that minor in the in to the of with the 1997). with minor and that of to a than with the to minor in of and this that to the of its of a is to be a of the and of from the and not is by a on the can be with a lower is a with only a in and is a and between and minor to et al. on the of and between minor and in as a of minor of a to and the of a can be a of of by minor and that and or not the been to be in the in of a than in that to two by a this the by minor not to to the from the in the of minor summer to may that on the Rhinanthus minor is not from (Grime et al. 1988). of on minor in a with the individuals and to a on minor or the of from the minor to the with a in of is to be minor and they to is the of at the of a to is to its in of minor may be minor are to a on the individuals are usually and to the of seed in a are of with been as as this the of a to the with the to as been suggested as Rhinanthus they not a to the of Rhinanthus that is a is are and a of can be to the of to and that is and on the of and the a the of by with with longer a of than with shorter with a or or be in is on the of on a may be with the of on to be this may be a result of in the in a of this a of as of may the of or the of the Rhinanthus minor is not in with of its may of minor may its to in as by is of the bracts and Stem can and the of the corolla teeth may be the of Rhinanthus minor is on is or individuals are and not branches can to is lower to individuals to a from to to a of and from to to than with and leaves and that is by minor individuals in with and the of minor with to of seed of branches and of nodes on a Rhinanthus minor on the of its and has a with are are 1 mm in the on with than with usually than been on the of with and with to and and Seed of minor in a and a main of the are that two highly with and the are and with the and the a that into the at the Rhinanthus minor has been by as by Rhinanthus minor is a summer and to the a as is by seed in and not a seed is has been as (Grime et al. 1988). the of is between minor and its are of a from the of and from the as in the of is from the is the of et al. the with the of the It has been suggested that the by the is to the and to et al. of may to below of the et al. with of in minor of a can be or lower than that of the is suggested to be a result of and the that the of to a in the of on the of the of its of of and has been minor et al. in the leaves of may the of from its two as a to Rhinanthus in and of the with in the of the to with these to that the from and these to from the from the to or to and these are on field in minor has been as and et al. 1988). the to at a of at not of that at et al. 1988). the and been suggested to and from the to the been suggested to be the of et al. 1988). of in minor are in than has been between minor with and the of of minor and and be the between and between the of to minor and of minor suggested that are on the than has been as in individuals to to a in minor is et al. Rhinanthus minor has a to the of from the to be the in the of et al. and and of minor are with et al. to of into that minor may than can into et al. of in the leaves of minor is to that of the with than that of the to as minor individuals the between and not et al. minor has of to has been that individuals of than in with et al. of than in minor in with of of are by to a the of is on the et al. this is in to by that of in minor Rhinanthus not to on field in that the of in the leaves of minor et al. 1988). of in of It that minor of to of in the can the of et al. 1988). of been to be in individuals to these are to be by the of in with with may be than on to minor leaves is into main of a not are of minor to to of is with the mean minor on to on et al. are in than in of and of result in of as the of to Rhinanthus minor to than or to a of in to in to minor may not in to et al. It is to be a result of of with in the of minor as et al. 1988). of minor to its by a of on the and the of that of not with or to the of minor to in the of a individuals are usually with of in the of to has been to and et al. the of and only the to in minor has been the from as of a by as the and stem of in minor to be the in in with the to to with with and with the minor in not with at a of and and et al. to in Upper in at a of and and minor seed than in the not et al. of of to has been and lower in the by up to of of on and of and are usually lower than Rhinanthus lower than on minor to be on the the on be to be of of been with this is in to the of and et al. in with of and to may the of the of minor. the of to may is on that on the of between and to be lower and this is with of the and lower lower of the to of has been to in the of the suggested to the of between minor and at of the of to a be by in of the the of the to of the a the of from to be of minor to is to in a of the lower from the in with the of minor to et al. its to be may be the of minor to in of to be to minor with the the of with of of by minor with the of the only of the a with L. to with the be to the of and the of Rhinanthus to to to on and the of and by at in minor been at two the and of and and from and of and and of minor from at et al. Rhinanthus minor is of to the of the as is not is to in a of minor without without of minor seeds into a and Rhinanthus minor has been suggested of only a of or in the of minor seeds are up with and a or and to from on with minor has been to a minor has of Rhinanthus minor is to the of and and as Rhinanthus has been the of and of minor in a of with the of to the of by minor can be to the to from the the of minor of flowering in Rhinanthus not on a its or on the are not to a the of flowering suggested to be with a only to that flowering in minor to than in of flowering in Rhinanthus is with the of nodes the main stem below the may on the of the in between minor in as on of a in lower in a nodes to the spike-like terminal flowering of minor are flowering a from to can with seeds from from to and from to seed of minor can in the capsules several the seed is Rhinanthus minor is and is or a of a on a at of to of and by in the in the that and as and not in between the been suggested to the of and the on the lower lip of the corolla and in the and on the upper lip and are suggested to are to is at the of the and as a a in the corolla to and are as as by the in as they not into with the they may by from the Flowers of minor may the of has been between minor and in as × et has been in a in and all to be of minor subspecies is to be a from two of minor × and minor × of minor and and flowering may from a field of minor and that minor into the between minor and Rhinanthus may be to the of to the of minor to the of has been suggested the of a and on seed is with only seed capsules on of minor in on ± capsules ± seed to be ± seeds the of from in by and Rhinanthus minor a mean seed of ± seeds et al. to seeds on in minor has been as seeds of the of capsules on et al. between the of seeds and the of capsules a between the of branches and has been et al. of nodes on the main stem the of branches and the of seeds in seed has been in minor on in the of the mean of seeds ± a to that by of only capsules may the and between the the the of capsules to be ± and ± in the to a of minor seed can from to (at seeds with a of is on the a can of a of and minor the flowering and seed of Rhinanthus are seed can be or of Rhinanthus seed has been suggested to be of and a of the capsules at the apex, the are by or a seeds can be the winged, are et al. 1988). Seeds may several by et al. in the at the its the of minor from not from that of of minor on a at that in of up to from the of of all of the and only further than 1 may be in the of the as the of minor seed is unless by et al. has been with on as that in of and the of seeds et al. has been to be in seeds of minor than et al. et al. seed at least seed a of Rhinanthus minor has a seed with the of the field is of seed than of seed been two of minor field with seed et al. in the seed of the a of Rhinanthus minor × × to at the of minor seed has at between and to be been to the seed of the of to seed with and of these to the of to this in the from to is usually as seed from the field and at of in the that been further by field has been in a at and to to on seed Seed of minor in the up to to as as at at Seed from and on the at up to at may of to and a that further at the of seed of minor on at and seed at to seed at not. the of between the two It suggested that at the of seed the of minor is with and of and on of minor has been Seed in at seeds at up to in a seed and at seeds to at a further of of seed at with only to the of only seed main of of only to the in the at only to of seed at to with at in seed to with of a of this not to of the seed to with and with seed at a to the the of on seed at seed and seed at of the seed to and the and the seed to seed been in of with of seed are in and seeds 1988). at in minor the at from seed at the of and at mean seed at with a mean of seed at to a at the of with than a mean is and the seed on the the seed is as they is by Rhinanthus are usually by minor has been to be by the of minor by in the of of minor and of et al. of minor of leaves and stem to a to that may minor than as a lower Rhinanthus minor to a lower in than and and the lower than at all of minor minor to the of the by of the of the between and of the this suggested to that of of minor may be to the et al. is a in from and has been in and and is from in the seeds and of Rhinanthus et al. and et al. is and the British to the and the seeds and in the seed capsules of minor et al. is in and on the and seed capsules is and in and is and in the British as as and on the and is to has a its seed by has been in of minor. or of seed the of capsules with on a a or two a of all they or Seed suggested to be the of capsules to the of the of minor in of to et al. of by by and by seed by as has been suggested to of minor in a in a in et al. and British and of been on minor British stem and has been on the of minor is of been in and and on the and of minor Stem and on at from and Rhinanthus by are on seed in of the at of Rhinanthus with in and is at and a at minor in the British is in in of minor on in by to the of and in of minor from on the of in to the of Rhinanthus as a minor has been to in is to be in the British (Grime et al. and longer to the between the of minor and a of up to are in the British to is the of the in minor has of its to the of and to that of the et al. and in may the of minor in and its the British Isles. on the has been suggested that the main of minor on the in is to at the of at and in on and and the of and the of the British and from the to Rhinanthus and the on the by