Construction and initial validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women.
2015/04/01 by Jioni A. Lewis, Helen A. Neville · 455 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Clinical psychology #Confirmatory factor analysis #Developmental psychology #Distress #Gender Roles and Identity Studies #Gender studies #Psychology #Racial and Ethnic Identity Research #Racism #Scale (ratio) #Social and Intergroup Psychology #Social psychology #Sociology #Structural equation modeling
paper · doi:10.1037/cou0000062
published in Journal of Counseling Psychology 62(2), 289-302 (American Psychological Association)
openalex publication_date 2015/04/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/25
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of gendered racial microaggressions (i.e., subtle and everyday verbal, behavioral, and environmental expressions of oppression based on the intersection of one's race and gender) experienced by Black women by applying an intersectionality framework to Essed's (1991) theory of gendered racism and Sue, Capodilupo, et al.'s (2007) model of racial microaggressions. The Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale (GRMS), was developed to assess both frequency and stress appraisal of microaggressions, in 2 separate studies. After the initial pool of GRMS items was developed, we received input from a community-based focus group of Black women and an expert panel. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 259 Black women resulted in a multidimensional scale with 4 factors as follows: (a) Assumptions of Beauty and Sexual Objectification, (b) Silenced and Marginalized, (c) Strong Black Woman Stereotype, and (d) Angry Black Woman Stereotype. In Study 2, results of confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of 210 Black women suggested that the 4-factor model was a good fit of the data for both the frequency and stress appraisal scales. Supporting construct validity, the GRMS was positively related to the Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (Nadal, 2011) and the Schedule of Sexist Events (Klonoff & Landrine, 1995). In addition, the GRMS was significantly related to psychological distress, such that greater perceived gendered racial microaggressions were related to greater levels of reported psychological distress. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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