2022/08/06 by Allison Carnegie, Joshua D. Kertzer, Keren Yarhi-Milo · 30 citations
Arts and Humanities · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Covert #Democracy #International Relations and Foreign Policy #Law #Law and economics #Normative #Political Conflict and Governance #Political economy #Political science #Politics #Psychology #Public administration #Social psychology #Sociology #Transparency (behavior) #War, Ethics, and Justification
paper · doi:10.1177/00220027221116289
published in Journal of Conflict Resolution 67(2-3), 235-265 (SAGE Publishing)
openalex publication_date 2022/08/06 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
How should we reconcile covert war with normative theories of the democratic peace? Proponents argue that these interventions are consistent with democratic peace theory, as leaders intervene covertly to escape backlash by a public that has internalized liberal norms. Yet we know little about public opinion regarding the covert use of force. Using a survey experiment, we find that respondents are more favorable towards covert interventions against democratic targets than our theories assume, and that even citizens who value transparency the most still wrestle with a trade-off between their normative commitments and the instrumental benefits they perceive covert actions to hold. Our results thus help to explain why American leaders have repeatedly chosen to conduct covert military operations against fellow democracies, and raise important questions about the scope conditions of normative theories of the democratic peace.