Loophole-free Bell test using electron spins in diamond: second experiment and additional analysis

2016/03/31 by Bas Hensen, B. Hensen, N. Kalb +21 · 6 citations
Computer Science · Mathematics · Medicine · Physics and Astronomy · #Bell test experiments #Bell's theorem #Biofield Effects and Biophysics #Condensed matter physics #Mathematics #Physics #Quantum #Quantum Information and Cryptography #Quantum Mechanics and Applications #Quantum entanglement #Quantum mechanics #Spins #Statistical physics #Statistics #quant-ph

paper · pdf · doi:10.1038/srep30289

Open dataset will be made available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.4121/uuid:53644d31-d862-4f9f-9ad2-0b571874b829

arxiv created 2016/04/01 · openalex publication_date 2016/08/11 · arxiv updated 2016/09/13 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

The recently reported violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electronic spins in diamonds (Hensen et al., Nature 526, 682-686) provided the first loophole-free evidence against local-realist theories of nature. Here we report on data from a second Bell experiment using the same experimental setup with minor modifications. We find a violation of the CHSH-Bell inequality of 2.35 ± 0.18, in agreement with the first run, yielding an overall value of S = 2.38 ± 0.14. We calculate the resulting P-values of the second experiment and of the combined Bell tests. We provide an additional analysis of the distribution of settings choices recorded during the two tests, finding that the observed distributions are consistent with uniform settings for both tests. Finally, we analytically study the effect of particular models of random number generator (RNG) imperfection on our hypothesis test. We find that the winning probability per trial in the CHSH game can be bounded knowing only the mean of the RNG bias. This implies that our experimental result is robust for any model underlying the estimated average RNG bias, for random bits produced up to 690 ns too early by the random number generator.

Citations

• Quantum And Relativistic Protocols For Secure Multi-Party Computation
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• Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
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• Violation of Bell's inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions
• Bell Inequality Violation with Two Remote Atomic Qubits
• Device-Independent Security of Quantum Cryptography against Collective Attacks
• X. On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling
• Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories
• On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox
• Significant-loophole-free test of Bell's theorem with entangled photons
• Random 'choices' and the locality loophole
• Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?
• A strong loophole-free test of local realism
• Bell nonlocality

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• Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate