2011/09/25 by Mara Loveman, Jerônimo Oliveira Muniz, Stanley R. Bailey · 4 citations
Social Sciences · #Income, Poverty, and Inequality #Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences #Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
paper · doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503
openalex publication_date 2011/09/25 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/29
Many scholars advocate the adoption of a black-and-white lens for the analysis of racial inequality in Brazil. Drawing on a nationally representative dataset that includes race questions in multiple formats, we evaluate how removal of the ‘brown’ category from the census or other social surveys would likely affect: (1) the descriptive picture of Brazil's racial composition; and (2) estimates of income inequality between and within racial categories. We find that a forced binary question format results in a whiter and more racially unequal picture of Brazil through the movement of many higher income mixed-race respondents into the white category. We also find that regardless of question format, racial inequality in income accounts for relatively little of Brazil's overall income inequality. We discuss implications for public policy debates in Brazil, and for the broader scientific and political challenges of ethnic and racial data collection and analysis.