2017/08/21 by Peter W. J. Morrison, Natalia N. Porfiryeva, Sukhmanpreet Chahal +5 · 2 citations
Chemistry · Medicine · #Aqueous solution #Benzalkonium chloride #Biochemistry #Biophysics #Chemistry #Chromatography #Cornea #Corneal Surgery and Treatments #Corneal surgery and disorders #Crown ether #Glaucoma and retinal disorders #Ion #Keratoconus #Membrane #Ophthalmology #Organic chemistry #Penetration (warfare) #Permeation #Solubility
paper · pdf · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00556
openalex publication_date 2017/08/21 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Crown ethers are cyclic molecules consisting of a ring containing several ether groups. The most common and important members of this series are 12-crown-4 (12C4), 15-crown-5 (15C5), and 18-crown-6 (18C6). These container molecules have the ability to sequester metal ions, and their complexes with drugs are able to traverse cell membranes. This study investigated 12C4, 15C5, and 18C6 for their ability to increase solubility of ocular drugs and enhance their penetration into the cornea. Phase solubility analysis determined crown ethers’ ability to enhance the solubility of riboflavin, a drug used for the therapy of keratoconus, and these solutions were investigated for ocular drug permeation enhancing properties. Atomic absorption spectroscopy demonstrated crown ether solutions’ ability to sequester Ca 2+ from corneal epithelia, and crown ether mediated adsorption of riboflavin into the stroma was investigated. Induced corneal opacity studies assessed potential toxicity of crown ethers. Crown ethers enhanced riboflavin’s aqueous solubility and its penetration into in vitro bovine corneas; the smaller sized crown ethers gave greatest enhancement. They were shown to sequester Ca 2+ ions from corneal epithelia; doing so loosens cellular membrane tight junctions thus enhancing riboflavin penetration. Induced corneal opacity was similar to that afforded by benzalkonium chloride and less than is produced using polyaminocarboxylic acids. However, in vivo experiments performed in rats with 12C4 did not show any statistically significant permeability enhancement compared to enhancer-free formulation.