Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection

2014/02/21 by Vaishali Bane, Mary Lehane, Madhurima Dikshit +2 · 4 citations
Environmental Science · Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics · Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Marine Toxins and Detection Methods #Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis #Cassava research and cyanide

paper · pdf · doi:10.3390/toxins6020693

openalex publication_date 2014/02/21 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28

Abstract

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring toxin that has been responsible for human intoxications and fatalities. Its usual route of toxicity is via the ingestion of contaminated puffer fish which are a culinary delicacy, especially in Japan. TTX was believed to be confined to regions of South East Asia, but recent studies have demonstrated that the toxin has spread to regions in the Pacific and the Mediterranean. There is no known antidote to TTX which is a powerful sodium channel inhibitor. This review aims to collect pertinent information available to date on TTX and its analogues with a special emphasis on the structure, aetiology, distribution, effects and the analytical methods employed for its detection.

Citations

• Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to artificial hybrid specimens of pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu niphobles
• Effects of 4-Aminopyridine on Saxitoxin Intoxication
• Intra-tissue distribution of tetrodotoxin in two marine puffers Takifugu vermicularis and Chelonodon patoca
• First Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Tetrodotoxin
• Tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria from the blue-ringed octopus Octopus maculosus
• Synthetic studies on tetrodotoxin and related compounds. III. Stereospecific synthesis of an equivalent of acetylated tetrodamine
• Saxitoxin as a toxic principle of a freshwater puffer, Tetraodon fangi, in Thailand
• Tetrodotoxin for Moderate to Severe Cancer Pain: A Randomized, Double Blind, Parallel Design Multicenter Study
• Further report of the occurrence of tetrodotoxin and new analogues in the Anuran family Brachycephalidae
• A Stereoselective Synthesis of (−)-Tetrodotoxin
• Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison in Bangladeshi freshwater puffers
• Prophylaxis and treatment with a monoclonal antibody of tetrodotoxin poisoning in mice
• Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisons in thai freshwater puffers
• Tarichatoxin—Tetrodotoxin: A Potent Neurotoxin
• Toxicity and toxin identification in Colomesus asellus, an Amazonian (Brazil) freshwater puffer fish
• Occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in Cambodian Mekong pufferfish Tetraodon turgidus: Selective toxin accumulation in the skin
• The structure of tetrodotoxin
• The evolution of myrmecophagy and its correlates in poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae)
• On the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin
• Localization of tetrodotoxin in the skin of a brackishwater puffer Tetraodon steindachneri on the basis of immunohistological study
• Saxitoxin Puffer Fish Poisoning in the United States, with the First Report of Pyrodinium bahamense as the Putative Toxin Source
• 4-Aminopyridine Reverses Saxitoxin (STX)- and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Induced Cardiorespiratory Depression in Chronically Instrumented Guinea Pigs
• Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication
• An Efficient Total Synthesis of Optically Active Tetrodotoxin

Cited by

• Predator‐induced changes in the chemical defence of a vertebrate
• A salamander’s toxic arsenal: review of skin poison diversity and function in true salamanders, genus Salamandra
• A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance
• Tetrodotoxin [wikipedia]

Related

• Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses
• Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication
• Tetrodotoxin -A brief history-
• Risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods
• Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Due to Smooth-backed Blowfish <i>Lagocephalus inermis</i> and Toxicity of <i>L. inermis</i> Caught off the Kyushu Coast, Japan