Optical Pumping

1972/04/01 by W. Happer · 18 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates #Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research #Quantum optics and atomic interactions

paper · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.44.169

openalex publication_date 1972/04/01 · openalex created_date 2022/02/13 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

Optical pumping of ground-state and metastable atoms and ions is reviewed. We present a critical survey of the literature on pumping mechanisms, light propagation, relaxation mechanisms, spin exchange, and experimental details on the various atomic species which have been successfully pumped.

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