2009/10/12 by Hubert Szaniawski · 1 citation
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Medicine · #Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies #Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research #Leech Biology and Applications
paper · pdf · doi:10.4202/app.2009.0045
openalex publication_date 2009/10/12 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
Conodonts, a large group of tiny extinct marine animals ranging in age from the Late Cambrian to Late Triassic (ca. 500 to 200 Mya), are usually considered as jawless vertebrates. Their only commonly occurring fossilized remains are minute, phosphatic, teeth-like elements of their feeding apparatuses. In most of the early conodonts the elements were conical and strongly elongated. Many of them are characterized by possession of a deep, longitudinal groove, usually associated with sharp edges or ridges. A comparative study of the grooved elements and venomous teeth and spines of living and extinct vertebrates strongly suggests that the groove in conodonts was also used for delivery of venom. Structural convergence of the conodont apparatus Panderodus with the grasping apparatus of chaetognaths, a group of extant, venomous invertebrate predators of similarly ancient origin, provides additional support for this conclusion.