2013/09/11 by Carel P. van Schaik, Laura Damerius, Karin Isler · 1 citation
Psychology · Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · #Child and Animal Learning Development #Primate Behavior and Ecology #Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
paper · pdf · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074896
openalex publication_date 2013/09/11 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/03
The ability to plan for the future beyond immediate needs would be adaptive to many animal species, but is widely thought to be uniquely human. Although studies in captivity have shown that great apes are capable of planning for future needs, it is unknown whether and how they use this ability in the wild. Flanged male Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) emit long calls, which females use to maintain earshot associations with them. We tested whether long calls serve to communicate a male's ever-changing predominant travel direction to facilitate maintaining these associations. We found that the direction in which a flanged male emits his long calls predicts his subsequent travel direction for many hours, and that a new call indicates a change in his main travel direction. Long calls given at or near the night nest indicate travel direction better than random until late afternoon on the next day. These results show that male orangutans make their travel plans well in advance and announce them to conspecifics. We suggest that such a planning ability is likely to be adaptive for great apes, as well as in other taxa.