1992/01/01 by Francis Heylighen · 1 citation
Computer Science · Decision Sciences · Neuroscience · Psychology · #Cognition #Cognitive Science and Mapping #Cognitive psychology #Competence (human resources) #Complex Systems and Decision Making #Hierarchy #Maslow's hierarchy of needs #Neuroscience #Personality #Psychology #Self-actualization #Social psychology
paper · doi:10.1002/bs.3830370105
crossref issued 1992/01/01 · crossref published 1992/01/01 · crossref published-print 1992/01/01 · openalex publication_date 1992/01/01 · crossref created 2007/03/16 · crossref deposited 2021/07/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · crossref indexed 2026/08/04 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/04
Maslow's need hierarchy and model of the self-actualizing personality are reviewed and criticized. The definition of self-actualization is found to be confusing, and the gratification of all needs is concluded to be insufficient to explain self-actualization. Therefore the theory is reconstructed on the basis of a second-order, cognitive-systemic framework. A hierarchy of basic needs is derived from the urgency of perturbations which an autonomous system must compensate in order to maintain its identity. It comprises the needs for homeostasis, safety, protection, feedback and exploration. Self-actualization is redefined as the perceived competence to satisfy these basic needs in due time. This competence has three components: material, cognitive and subjective. Material and/or cognitive incompetence during childhood create subjective incompetence, which in turn inhibits the further development of cognitive competence, and thus of self-actualization.