2009/03/01 by F. Fontani, Q. Zhang, Qizhou Zhang +3 · 1 citation
Chemistry · Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Chemical Physics Studies #Angular resolution (graph drawing) #Astrochemistry #Astronomy #Astrophysics #Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies #Atomic physics #Cluster (spacecraft) #Context (archaeology) #Deuterium #Galaxy #High mass #High resolution #Interstellar medium #Millimeter #Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure #Physics #Plateau de Bure Interferometer #Protostar #Remote sensing #Star (game theory) #Star formation #Stars #Submillimeter Array #Young stellar object #astro-ph.GA
paper · pdf · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911617
16 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
arxiv created 2009/03/01 · openalex publication_date 2009/03/27 · arxiv updated 2015/05/12 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
<i>Context. <i/>To better understand the initial conditions of the high-mass star formation process, it is crucial to study at high angular resolution the morphology, the kinematics, and the interactions of the coldest condensations associated with intermediate-/high-mass star forming regions.<i>Aims. <i/>This paper studies the cold condensations in the intermediate-/high-mass proto-cluster IRAS 05345+3157, focusing on the interaction with the other objects in the cluster.<i>Methods. <i/>We performed millimeter high-angular resolution observations, both in the continuum and several molecular lines, with the PdBI and the SMA. In a recent paper, we published part of these data. The main finding of that work was the detection of two cold and dense gaseous condensations, called N and S (masses <i>∼<i/>2 and ), characterised by high values of deuterium fractionation (<i>∼<i/>0.1 in both cores) obtained from the column density ratio <i>N<i/>(N<sub>2<sub/>D<sup>+<sup/>)/<i>N<i/>(N<sub>2<sub/>H<sup>+<sup/>). In this paper, we present a full report of the observations, and a complete analysis of the data obtained.<i>Results. <i/>The millimeter maps reveal the presence of 3 cores inside the interferometer primary beam, called C1-a, C1-b and C2. None of them are associated with cores N and S. C1-b is very likely associated with a newly formed early-B ZAMS star embedded inside a hot core, while C1-a is more likely associated with a class 0 intermediate-mass protostar. The nature of C2 is unclear. Both C1-a and C1-b are good candidates as driving sources of a powerful <sup>12<sup/>CO outflow, which strongly interacts with N, as demonstrated by the velocity gradient of the gas along this condensation. The N<sub>2<sub/>H<sup>+<sup/> linewidths are between <i>∼<i/>1 and 2 km s<sup>-1<sup/> in the region where the continuum cores are located, and smaller (<i>∼<i/>0.5–1.5 km s<sup>-1<sup/>) towards N and S, indicating that the gas in the deuterated condensations is more quiescent than that associated with the continuum sources. This is consistent with the fact that they are still in the pre-stellar phase and hence the star formation process has not yet taken place there.<i>Conclusions. <i/>The study of the gas kinematics across the source indicates a tight interaction between deuterated condensations and the sources embedded in millimeter cores. For the nature of N and S, we propose two scenarios: they can be low-mass pre-stellar condensations or “seeds” of future high-mass star(s). However, from these data it is not possible to establish how the turbulence triggered by the neghbouring cluster of protostars can influence the evolution of the condensations.