2017/01/31 by Marie‐Pierre St‐Onge, Jamy D. Ard, Monica L. Baskin +4 · 1 citation
Medicine · #Dietary Effects on Health #Diet and metabolism studies #Nutritional Studies and Diet
paper · pdf · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000476
openalex publication_date 2017/01/31 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/04
Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent. Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions. Furthermore, we propose definitions for meals, snacks, and eating occasions for use in research. Finally, data suggest that irregular eating patterns appear less favorable for achieving a healthy cardiometabolic profile. Intentional eating with mindful attention to the timing and frequency of eating occasions could lead to healthier lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management.