2016/01/09 by Henry Choi Sze Hang · 1 citation
Social Sciences · #Chinese history and philosophy #Japanese History and Culture #Eurasian Exchange Networks
paper · doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe287
openalex publication_date 2016/01/09 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/14
Abstract The Qing or Manchu dynasty was founded in 1636 by the Manchus, who were originally named the Jurchens, and the founders of the Jin dynasty. The rise of the Qing Empire started with a military conquest of China proper which eventually expanded into Inner Asia by relying on Han‐Chinese armies. As a result China, especially during Qianlong's long reign, reached the peak of Sino‐centrism that was based on the tributary system. This Sino‐centric worldview was challenged by the Western imperialist invasion beginning in the 1840s. The treaty‐port system became the new norm in the late Qing period and Qing Empire was eventually overthrown by Han‐Chinese revolutionaries in 1911.