2026/03/31 by H. Gökçen Güner, François Barthelat, Francois Barthelat +5
Engineering · #Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles #Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids #Elasticity and Material Modeling
paper · doi:10.1115/1.4071532
Abstract Hard magnetic soft materials—soft polymers embedded with hard magnetic particles—are modeled using continuum magnetomechanical formulations in which the deformation and the magnetization field are the primary kinematic variables. A recent question in such formulations is whether the Cauchy stress is symmetric, which is directly related to frame invariance and angular momentum balance. This note discusses energetically equivalent formulations, related by a change of variables between referential and current descriptions of the magnetization, and shows that they generally yield different Cauchy stresses, including a change in their symmetry. Specifically, the formulation based on a referential magnetization produces a symmetric Cauchy stress, while that based on a current magnetization generally yields an asymmetric Cauchy stress. We highlight that when the internal variable (magnetization field) is at the energy-minimizing equilibrium configuration, the divergences of these stresses are the same, and both stresses are symmetric.