2007/01/31 by Xinwu Cao · 14 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Accretion (finance) #Accretion disc #Active galactic nucleus #Astronomy and Astrophysical Research #Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations #Black hole (networking) #Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena #Galaxy #Intermediate-mass black hole #Stellar black hole #Supermassive black hole #astro-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.1086/512116
published in The Astrophysical Journal 659(2), 950-957 (IOP Publishing) · Astrophys.J. 659 (2006) 950-957
openalex publication_date 2007/04/17 · arxiv created 2007/04/27 · arxiv updated 2011/02/11 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
We derive the black hole mass density as a function of redshift from the hard X-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity function, assuming that massive black holes grow via accreting circumnuclear gases. The derived black hole mass density matches the measured local black hole mass density at z = 0, which requires the average radiative efficiency of AGNs to be ~0.1-0.17. The massive black holes in most faint AGNs and even normal galaxies are still accreting gases, although their accretion rates are very low. Radiatively inefficient accretion flows (RIAFs) are supposed in these faint sources, which should radiate mostly in the hard X-ray band. We calculate the contribution to the X-ray background (XRB) from both the bright AGNs and the RIAFs in faint AGNs and normal galaxies. Our calculations show that both the observed intensity and spectral shape of the XRB with an energy peak at ~30 keV can be well reproduced without including the emission of Compton-thick AGNs, if the massive black holes in faint AGNs and normal galaxies are spinning rapidly, with a ~ 0.9, and are accreting at rates of ~ (1.0-3.0) × 10 -4 . It indicates that less than ~5% of the local massive black hole mass density was accreted during radiatively inefficient accretion phases, which is obviously only an upper limit, because Compton-thick AGNs have not been considered. If the same number of Compton-thick AGNs with log N H = 24-25 as those with log N H = 23-24 is considered, the fraction of the local black hole mass density accumulated during inefficient accretion phases should be lower than ~2%. The constraints of the XRB can provide upper limits on the average accretion rate for inactive galaxies.