2009/03/01 by Brittany Gentile, Shelly Grabe, Brenda Dolan‐Pascoe +3 · 1 citation
Social Sciences · Psychology · #Social and Intergroup Psychology #Behavioral Health and Interventions #Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
paper · doi:10.1037/a0013689
openalex publication_date 2009/03/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
This meta-analysis examines gender differences in 10 specific domains of self-esteem across 115 studies, including 428 effect sizes and 32,486 individuals. In a mixed-effects analysis, men scored significantly higher than women on physical appearance ( d = 0.35), athletic ( d = 0.41), personal self ( d = 0.28), and self-satisfaction self-esteem ( d = 0.33). Women scored higher than men on behavioral conduct ( d = −0.17) and moral–ethical self-esteem ( d = −0.38). The gender difference in physical appearance self-esteem was significant only after 1980 and was largest among adults. No significant gender differences appeared in academic, social acceptance, family, and affect self-esteem. The results demonstrate the influence of reflected appraisals on self-esteem.