Defining “Fake News”

2017/08/30 by Edson C. Tandoc, Zheng Wei Lim, Richard Ling · 10 citations
Social Sciences · Computer Science · #Misinformation and Its Impacts #Media Influence and Politics #Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection

paper · doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143

openalex publication_date 2017/08/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01

Abstract

This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term “fake news.” An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term “fake news” between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda. These definitions are based on two dimensions: levels of facticity and deception. Such a typology is offered to clarify what we mean by fake news and to guide future studies.

Citations

• Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election

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• The Global Regulation of “Fake News” in the Time of Oxymora: Facts and Fictions about the Covid-19 Pandemic as Coincidences or Predictive Programming?
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