McVittie’s legacy: Black holes in an expanding universe

2010/03/31 by Nemanja Kaloper, Matthew Kleban, Damien Martin · 7 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Differential Geometry Research #Black Holes and Theoretical Physics #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #astro-ph.CO #gr-qc #hep-ph #hep-th

paper · pdf · doi:10.1103/physrevd.81.104044

published as Phys.Rev.D81:104044,2010 · 23 pages, plain LaTeX, 2 .pdf figures, v3: the finite ingoing time proof improved and generalized, conclusions unchanged

openalex publication_date 2010/05/26 · arxiv created 2010/07/28 · arxiv updated 2010/07/29 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28

Abstract

We prove that a class of solutions to Einstein's equations---originally discovered by McVittie in 1933---includes regular black holes embedded in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies. If the cosmology is dominated at late times by a positive cosmological constant, the metric is regular everywhere on and outside the black hole horizon and away from the big-bang singularity, and the solutions asymptote in the future and near the horizon to the Schwarzschild-de Sitter geometry. For solutions without a positive cosmological constant the would-be horizon is a weak null singularity.

Citations

• Black Holes in an Expanding Universe
• A point mass in an isotropic universe: III. The region Rleq 2 m
• A point mass in an isotropic universe: Existence, uniqueness, and basic properties
• The Mass-Particle in an Expanding Universe

Cited by

• Black hole in asymmetric cosmological bounce
• Observational Evidence for Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes and its Implications for an Astrophysical Source of Dark Energy
• Maximum force and cosmic censorship
• Extended black holes in strong gravitational waves
• Regular bulk solutions and black strings from dynamical braneworlds with variable tension
• Direct detection of universal expansion by holonomy in the McVittie spacetime
• A note on geodesics in inhomogeneous expanding spacetimes