2008/04/30 by M. C. Werner, Marcus C. Werner, J. An +1
Physics and Astronomy · #Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations #Astrophysics #Classical mechanics #Einstein #Einstein ring #Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena #Galaxy #Gravitation #Gravitational lens #Lens (geology) #Observer (physics) #Optics #Physics #Quantum mechanics #Ring (chemistry) #Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies #Strong gravitational lensing #Theoretical physics #astro-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13829.x
MNRAS, in press (extra figure included)
arxiv created 2008/07/30 · openalex publication_date 2008/11/27 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2020/11/23 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
A number of recent surveys for gravitational lenses have found examples of double Einstein rings. Here, we analytically investigate the occurrence of multiple Einstein rings. We prove, under very general assumptions, that at the most one Einstein ring can arise from a mass distribution in a single plane lensing a single background source. Two or more Einstein rings can therefore only occur in multiplane lensing. Surprisingly, we show that it is possible for a single source to produce more than one Einstein ring. If two point masses, or two isothermal spheres, in different planes are aligned with observer and source on the optical axis, we show that there are up to three Einstein rings. We also discuss the image morphologies for these two models if axisymmetry is broken, and give the first instances of magnification invariants in the case of two-lens planes.