2025/06/01 by Liu, Feihong, Slowey, Chase, Wang, Xuanhua +4
#FOS: Physical sciences #Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
paper · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.00792
Nonequilibrium condensates of bosons subject to energy pump and dissipation are investigated, manifesting the Fröhlich coherence proposed in 1968. A quantum theory is developed to capture such a nonequilibrium nature, yielding a certain graphic structure arising from the detailed-balance breaking. The results show a network of probability curl fluxes that reveals a graph topology. The winding number associated with the flux network is thus identified as a new order parameter for the phase transition towards the Fröhlich condensation (FC), not attainable by the symmetry breaking. Our work demonstrates a global property of the FCs, in significant conjunction with the coherence of cavity polaritons that may exhibit robust cooperative phases driven far from equilibrium.